Integral of $$$- \frac{e^{- x}}{x}$$$

Find $$$\int \left(- \frac{e^{- x}}{x}\right)\, dx$$$.

Apply the constant multiple rule $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$ with $$$c=-1$$$ and $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \frac{e^{- x}}{x}$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(- \frac{e^{- x}}{x}\right)d x}}} = {\color{red}{\left(- \int{\frac{e^{- x}}{x} d x}\right)}}$$

Let $$$u=- x$$$.

Then $$$du=\left(- x\right)^{\prime }dx = - dx$$$ (steps can be seen »), and we have that $$$dx = - du$$$.

The integral becomes

$$- {\color{red}{\int{\frac{e^{- x}}{x} d x}}} = - {\color{red}{\int{\frac{e^{u}}{u} d u}}}$$

This integral (Exponential Integral) does not have a closed form:

$$- {\color{red}{\int{\frac{e^{u}}{u} d u}}} = - {\color{red}{\operatorname{Ei}{\left(u \right)}}}$$

Recall that $$$u=- x$$$:

$$- \operatorname{Ei}{\left({\color{red}{u}} \right)} = - \operatorname{Ei}{\left({\color{red}{\left(- x\right)}} \right)}$$

Therefore,

$$\int{\left(- \frac{e^{- x}}{x}\right)d x} = - \operatorname{Ei}{\left(- x \right)}$$

Add the constant of integration:

$$\int{\left(- \frac{e^{- x}}{x}\right)d x} = - \operatorname{Ei}{\left(- x \right)}+C$$

$$$\int \left(- \frac{e^{- x}}{x}\right)\, dx = - \operatorname{Ei}{\left(- x \right)} + C$$$A