Integralen av $$$\sec{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}$$$

Bestäm $$$\int \sec{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}\, dx$$$.

Låt $$$u=\frac{x}{2}$$$ vara.

Då $$$du=\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)^{\prime }dx = \frac{dx}{2}$$$ (stegen kan ses »), och vi har att $$$dx = 2 du$$$.

Integralen blir

$${\color{red}{\int{\sec{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{2 \sec{\left(u \right)} d u}}}$$

Tillämpa konstantfaktorregeln $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$ med $$$c=2$$$ och $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \sec{\left(u \right)}$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{2 \sec{\left(u \right)} d u}}} = {\color{red}{\left(2 \int{\sec{\left(u \right)} d u}\right)}}$$

Skriv om sekanten som $$$\sec\left( u \right)=\frac{1}{\cos\left( u \right)}$$$:

$$2 {\color{red}{\int{\sec{\left(u \right)} d u}}} = 2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{\cos{\left(u \right)}} d u}}}$$

Skriv om cosinus i termer av sinus med hjälp av formeln $$$\cos\left( u \right)=\sin\left( u + \frac{\pi}{2}\right)$$$ och skriv sedan om sinus med dubbelvinkelformeln $$$\sin\left( u \right)=2\sin\left(\frac{ u }{2}\right)\cos\left(\frac{ u }{2}\right)$$$:

$$2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{\cos{\left(u \right)}} d u}}} = 2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 \sin{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)} \cos{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}} d u}}}$$

Multiplicera täljare och nämnare med $$$\sec^2\left(\frac{ u }{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)$$$:

$$2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 \sin{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)} \cos{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}} d u}}} = 2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}{2 \tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}} d u}}}$$

Låt $$$v=\tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}$$$ vara.

Då $$$dv=\left(\tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}\right)^{\prime }du = \frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}{2} du$$$ (stegen kan ses »), och vi har att $$$\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)} du = 2 dv$$$.

Alltså,

$$2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}{2 \tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}} d u}}} = 2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{v} d v}}}$$

Integralen av $$$\frac{1}{v}$$$ är $$$\int{\frac{1}{v} d v} = \ln{\left(\left|{v}\right| \right)}$$$:

$$2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{v} d v}}} = 2 {\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{v}\right| \right)}}}$$

Kom ihåg att $$$v=\tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}$$$:

$$2 \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{v}}}\right| \right)} = 2 \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}}}\right| \right)}$$

Kom ihåg att $$$u=\frac{x}{2}$$$:

$$2 \ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{\pi}{4} + \frac{{\color{red}{u}}}{2} \right)}}\right| \right)} = 2 \ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{\pi}{4} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)}}}{2} \right)}}\right| \right)}$$

Alltså,

$$\int{\sec{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)} d x} = 2 \ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x}{4} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}\right| \right)}$$

Förenkla:

$$\int{\sec{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)} d x} = 2 \ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x + \pi}{4} \right)}}\right| \right)}$$

Lägg till integrationskonstanten:

$$\int{\sec{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)} d x} = 2 \ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x + \pi}{4} \right)}}\right| \right)}+C$$

$$$\int \sec{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}\, dx = 2 \ln\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x + \pi}{4} \right)}}\right|\right) + C$$$A