Integral of $$$\sec{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}$$$

Find $$$\int \sec{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}\, dx$$$.

Let $$$u=\frac{x}{2}$$$.

Then $$$du=\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)^{\prime }dx = \frac{dx}{2}$$$ (steps can be seen »), and we have that $$$dx = 2 du$$$.

Therefore,

$${\color{red}{\int{\sec{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{2 \sec{\left(u \right)} d u}}}$$

Apply the constant multiple rule $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$ with $$$c=2$$$ and $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \sec{\left(u \right)}$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{2 \sec{\left(u \right)} d u}}} = {\color{red}{\left(2 \int{\sec{\left(u \right)} d u}\right)}}$$

Rewrite the secant as $$$\sec\left( u \right)=\frac{1}{\cos\left( u \right)}$$$:

$$2 {\color{red}{\int{\sec{\left(u \right)} d u}}} = 2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{\cos{\left(u \right)}} d u}}}$$

Rewrite the cosine in terms of the sine using the formula $$$\cos\left( u \right)=\sin\left( u + \frac{\pi}{2}\right)$$$ and then rewrite the sine using the double angle formula $$$\sin\left( u \right)=2\sin\left(\frac{ u }{2}\right)\cos\left(\frac{ u }{2}\right)$$$:

$$2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{\cos{\left(u \right)}} d u}}} = 2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 \sin{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)} \cos{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}} d u}}}$$

Multiply the numerator and denominator by $$$\sec^2\left(\frac{ u }{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)$$$:

$$2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 \sin{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)} \cos{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}} d u}}} = 2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}{2 \tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}} d u}}}$$

Let $$$v=\tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}$$$.

Then $$$dv=\left(\tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}\right)^{\prime }du = \frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}{2} du$$$ (steps can be seen »), and we have that $$$\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)} du = 2 dv$$$.

The integral can be rewritten as

$$2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}{2 \tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}} d u}}} = 2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{v} d v}}}$$

The integral of $$$\frac{1}{v}$$$ is $$$\int{\frac{1}{v} d v} = \ln{\left(\left|{v}\right| \right)}$$$:

$$2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{v} d v}}} = 2 {\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{v}\right| \right)}}}$$

Recall that $$$v=\tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}$$$:

$$2 \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{v}}}\right| \right)} = 2 \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}}}\right| \right)}$$

Recall that $$$u=\frac{x}{2}$$$:

$$2 \ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{\pi}{4} + \frac{{\color{red}{u}}}{2} \right)}}\right| \right)} = 2 \ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{\pi}{4} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)}}}{2} \right)}}\right| \right)}$$

Therefore,

$$\int{\sec{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)} d x} = 2 \ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x}{4} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}\right| \right)}$$

Simplify:

$$\int{\sec{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)} d x} = 2 \ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x + \pi}{4} \right)}}\right| \right)}$$

Add the constant of integration:

$$\int{\sec{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)} d x} = 2 \ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x + \pi}{4} \right)}}\right| \right)}+C$$

$$$\int \sec{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}\, dx = 2 \ln\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x + \pi}{4} \right)}}\right|\right) + C$$$A