Funktion $$$- \sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} + \frac{\cot{\left(x \right)}}{\sin{\left(x \right)}}$$$ integraali

Määritä $$$\int \left(- \sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} + \frac{\cot{\left(x \right)}}{\sin{\left(x \right)}}\right)\, dx$$$.

Integroi termi kerrallaan:

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(- \sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} + \frac{\cot{\left(x \right)}}{\sin{\left(x \right)}}\right)d x}}} = {\color{red}{\left(\int{\frac{\cot{\left(x \right)}}{\sin{\left(x \right)}} d x} - \int{\sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} d x}\right)}}$$

Kirjoita integroituva uudelleen:

$$- \int{\sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} + {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cot{\left(x \right)}}{\sin{\left(x \right)}} d x}}} = - \int{\sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} + {\color{red}{\int{\cot{\left(x \right)} \csc{\left(x \right)} d x}}}$$

Olkoon $$$u=\csc{\left(x \right)}$$$.

Tällöin $$$du=\left(\csc{\left(x \right)}\right)^{\prime }dx = - \cot{\left(x \right)} \csc{\left(x \right)} dx$$$ (vaiheet ovat nähtävissä ») ja saamme, että $$$\cot{\left(x \right)} \csc{\left(x \right)} dx = - du$$$.

Näin ollen,

$$- \int{\sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} + {\color{red}{\int{\cot{\left(x \right)} \csc{\left(x \right)} d x}}} = - \int{\sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} + {\color{red}{\int{\left(-1\right)d u}}}$$

Sovella vakiokertoimen sääntöä $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$ käyttäen $$$c=-1$$$ ja $$$f{\left(u \right)} = 1$$$:

$$- \int{\sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} + {\color{red}{\int{\left(-1\right)d u}}} = - \int{\sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} + {\color{red}{\left(- \int{1 d u}\right)}}$$

Sovella vakiosääntöä $$$\int c\, du = c u$$$ käyttäen $$$c=1$$$:

$$- \int{\sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} - {\color{red}{\int{1 d u}}} = - \int{\sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} - {\color{red}{u}}$$

Muista, että $$$u=\csc{\left(x \right)}$$$:

$$- \int{\sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} - {\color{red}{u}} = - \int{\sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} - {\color{red}{\csc{\left(x \right)}}}$$

Olkoon $$$u=\sin{\left(x \right)}$$$.

Tällöin $$$du=\left(\sin{\left(x \right)}\right)^{\prime }dx = \cos{\left(x \right)} dx$$$ (vaiheet ovat nähtävissä ») ja saamme, että $$$\cos{\left(x \right)} dx = du$$$.

Näin ollen,

$$- \csc{\left(x \right)} - {\color{red}{\int{\sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} d x}}} = - \csc{\left(x \right)} - {\color{red}{\int{u d u}}}$$

Sovella potenssisääntöä $$$\int u^{n}\, du = \frac{u^{n + 1}}{n + 1}$$$ $$$\left(n \neq -1 \right)$$$ käyttäen $$$n=1$$$:

$$- \csc{\left(x \right)} - {\color{red}{\int{u d u}}}=- \csc{\left(x \right)} - {\color{red}{\frac{u^{1 + 1}}{1 + 1}}}=- \csc{\left(x \right)} - {\color{red}{\left(\frac{u^{2}}{2}\right)}}$$

Muista, että $$$u=\sin{\left(x \right)}$$$:

$$- \csc{\left(x \right)} - \frac{{\color{red}{u}}^{2}}{2} = - \csc{\left(x \right)} - \frac{{\color{red}{\sin{\left(x \right)}}}^{2}}{2}$$

Näin ollen,

$$\int{\left(- \sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} + \frac{\cot{\left(x \right)}}{\sin{\left(x \right)}}\right)d x} = - \frac{\sin^{2}{\left(x \right)}}{2} - \csc{\left(x \right)}$$

Lisää integrointivakio:

$$\int{\left(- \sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} + \frac{\cot{\left(x \right)}}{\sin{\left(x \right)}}\right)d x} = - \frac{\sin^{2}{\left(x \right)}}{2} - \csc{\left(x \right)}+C$$

$$$\int \left(- \sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} + \frac{\cot{\left(x \right)}}{\sin{\left(x \right)}}\right)\, dx = \left(- \frac{\sin^{2}{\left(x \right)}}{2} - \csc{\left(x \right)}\right) + C$$$A