$$$- \sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} + \frac{\cot{\left(x \right)}}{\sin{\left(x \right)}}$$$の積分

$$$\int \left(- \sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} + \frac{\cot{\left(x \right)}}{\sin{\left(x \right)}}\right)\, dx$$$ を求めよ。

項別に積分せよ:

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(- \sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} + \frac{\cot{\left(x \right)}}{\sin{\left(x \right)}}\right)d x}}} = {\color{red}{\left(\int{\frac{\cot{\left(x \right)}}{\sin{\left(x \right)}} d x} - \int{\sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} d x}\right)}}$$

被積分関数を書き換える:

$$- \int{\sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} + {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cot{\left(x \right)}}{\sin{\left(x \right)}} d x}}} = - \int{\sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} + {\color{red}{\int{\cot{\left(x \right)} \csc{\left(x \right)} d x}}}$$

$$$u=\csc{\left(x \right)}$$$ とする。

すると $$$du=\left(\csc{\left(x \right)}\right)^{\prime }dx = - \cot{\left(x \right)} \csc{\left(x \right)} dx$$$（手順は»で確認できます）、$$$\cot{\left(x \right)} \csc{\left(x \right)} dx = - du$$$ となります。

この積分は次のように書き換えられる

$$- \int{\sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} + {\color{red}{\int{\cot{\left(x \right)} \csc{\left(x \right)} d x}}} = - \int{\sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} + {\color{red}{\int{\left(-1\right)d u}}}$$

定数倍の法則 $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$ を、$$$c=-1$$$ と $$$f{\left(u \right)} = 1$$$ に対して適用する:

$$- \int{\sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} + {\color{red}{\int{\left(-1\right)d u}}} = - \int{\sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} + {\color{red}{\left(- \int{1 d u}\right)}}$$

$$$c=1$$$ に対して定数則 $$$\int c\, du = c u$$$ を適用する:

$$- \int{\sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} - {\color{red}{\int{1 d u}}} = - \int{\sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} - {\color{red}{u}}$$

次のことを思い出してください $$$u=\csc{\left(x \right)}$$$:

$$- \int{\sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} - {\color{red}{u}} = - \int{\sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} - {\color{red}{\csc{\left(x \right)}}}$$

$$$u=\sin{\left(x \right)}$$$ とする。

すると $$$du=\left(\sin{\left(x \right)}\right)^{\prime }dx = \cos{\left(x \right)} dx$$$（手順は»で確認できます）、$$$\cos{\left(x \right)} dx = du$$$ となります。

したがって、

$$- \csc{\left(x \right)} - {\color{red}{\int{\sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} d x}}} = - \csc{\left(x \right)} - {\color{red}{\int{u d u}}}$$

$$$n=1$$$ を用いて、べき乗の法則 $$$\int u^{n}\, du = \frac{u^{n + 1}}{n + 1}$$$ $$$\left(n \neq -1 \right)$$$ を適用します:

$$- \csc{\left(x \right)} - {\color{red}{\int{u d u}}}=- \csc{\left(x \right)} - {\color{red}{\frac{u^{1 + 1}}{1 + 1}}}=- \csc{\left(x \right)} - {\color{red}{\left(\frac{u^{2}}{2}\right)}}$$

次のことを思い出してください $$$u=\sin{\left(x \right)}$$$:

$$- \csc{\left(x \right)} - \frac{{\color{red}{u}}^{2}}{2} = - \csc{\left(x \right)} - \frac{{\color{red}{\sin{\left(x \right)}}}^{2}}{2}$$

したがって、

$$\int{\left(- \sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} + \frac{\cot{\left(x \right)}}{\sin{\left(x \right)}}\right)d x} = - \frac{\sin^{2}{\left(x \right)}}{2} - \csc{\left(x \right)}$$

積分定数を加える:

$$\int{\left(- \sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} + \frac{\cot{\left(x \right)}}{\sin{\left(x \right)}}\right)d x} = - \frac{\sin^{2}{\left(x \right)}}{2} - \csc{\left(x \right)}+C$$

$$$\int \left(- \sin{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} + \frac{\cot{\left(x \right)}}{\sin{\left(x \right)}}\right)\, dx = \left(- \frac{\sin^{2}{\left(x \right)}}{2} - \csc{\left(x \right)}\right) + C$$$A