$$$1 - e^{- \frac{y^{2}}{2}}$$$ 的積分
您的輸入
求$$$\int \left(1 - e^{- \frac{y^{2}}{2}}\right)\, dy$$$。
解答
逐項積分:
$${\color{red}{\int{\left(1 - e^{- \frac{y^{2}}{2}}\right)d y}}} = {\color{red}{\left(\int{1 d y} - \int{e^{- \frac{y^{2}}{2}} d y}\right)}}$$
配合 $$$c=1$$$,應用常數法則 $$$\int c\, dy = c y$$$:
$$- \int{e^{- \frac{y^{2}}{2}} d y} + {\color{red}{\int{1 d y}}} = - \int{e^{- \frac{y^{2}}{2}} d y} + {\color{red}{y}}$$
令 $$$u=\frac{\sqrt{2} y}{2}$$$。
則 $$$du=\left(\frac{\sqrt{2} y}{2}\right)^{\prime }dy = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} dy$$$ (步驟見»),並可得 $$$dy = \sqrt{2} du$$$。
該積分可改寫為
$$y - {\color{red}{\int{e^{- \frac{y^{2}}{2}} d y}}} = y - {\color{red}{\int{\sqrt{2} e^{- u^{2}} d u}}}$$
套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$,使用 $$$c=\sqrt{2}$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(u \right)} = e^{- u^{2}}$$$:
$$y - {\color{red}{\int{\sqrt{2} e^{- u^{2}} d u}}} = y - {\color{red}{\sqrt{2} \int{e^{- u^{2}} d u}}}$$
此積分(誤差函數)不存在閉式表示:
$$y - \sqrt{2} {\color{red}{\int{e^{- u^{2}} d u}}} = y - \sqrt{2} {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{\pi} \operatorname{erf}{\left(u \right)}}{2}\right)}}$$
回顧一下 $$$u=\frac{\sqrt{2} y}{2}$$$:
$$y - \frac{\sqrt{2} \sqrt{\pi} \operatorname{erf}{\left({\color{red}{u}} \right)}}{2} = y - \frac{\sqrt{2} \sqrt{\pi} \operatorname{erf}{\left({\color{red}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{2} y}{2}\right)}} \right)}}{2}$$
因此,
$$\int{\left(1 - e^{- \frac{y^{2}}{2}}\right)d y} = y - \frac{\sqrt{2} \sqrt{\pi} \operatorname{erf}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{2} y}{2} \right)}}{2}$$
加上積分常數:
$$\int{\left(1 - e^{- \frac{y^{2}}{2}}\right)d y} = y - \frac{\sqrt{2} \sqrt{\pi} \operatorname{erf}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{2} y}{2} \right)}}{2}+C$$
答案
$$$\int \left(1 - e^{- \frac{y^{2}}{2}}\right)\, dy = \left(y - \frac{\sqrt{2} \sqrt{\pi} \operatorname{erf}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{2} y}{2} \right)}}{2}\right) + C$$$A