$$$\sin{\left(2 x^{2} \right)}$$$ 的積分

求$$$\int \sin{\left(2 x^{2} \right)}\, dx$$$。

令 $$$u=\sqrt{2} x$$$。

則 $$$du=\left(\sqrt{2} x\right)^{\prime }dx = \sqrt{2} dx$$$ (步驟見»)，並可得 $$$dx = \frac{\sqrt{2} du}{2}$$$。

該積分變為

$${\color{red}{\int{\sin{\left(2 x^{2} \right)} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sqrt{2} \sin{\left(u^{2} \right)}}{2} d u}}}$$

套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$，使用 $$$c=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \sin{\left(u^{2} \right)}$$$：

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sqrt{2} \sin{\left(u^{2} \right)}}{2} d u}}} = {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{2} \int{\sin{\left(u^{2} \right)} d u}}{2}\right)}}$$

此積分（菲涅耳正弦積分）不存在閉式表示：

$$\frac{\sqrt{2} {\color{red}{\int{\sin{\left(u^{2} \right)} d u}}}}{2} = \frac{\sqrt{2} {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{2} \sqrt{\pi} S\left(\frac{\sqrt{2} u}{\sqrt{\pi}}\right)}{2}\right)}}}{2}$$

回顧一下 $$$u=\sqrt{2} x$$$：

$$\frac{\sqrt{\pi} S\left(\frac{\sqrt{2} {\color{red}{u}}}{\sqrt{\pi}}\right)}{2} = \frac{\sqrt{\pi} S\left(\frac{\sqrt{2} {\color{red}{\sqrt{2} x}}}{\sqrt{\pi}}\right)}{2}$$

因此，

$$\int{\sin{\left(2 x^{2} \right)} d x} = \frac{\sqrt{\pi} S\left(\frac{2 x}{\sqrt{\pi}}\right)}{2}$$

加上積分常數：

$$\int{\sin{\left(2 x^{2} \right)} d x} = \frac{\sqrt{\pi} S\left(\frac{2 x}{\sqrt{\pi}}\right)}{2}+C$$

$$$\int \sin{\left(2 x^{2} \right)}\, dx = \frac{\sqrt{\pi} S\left(\frac{2 x}{\sqrt{\pi}}\right)}{2} + C$$$A