$$$\frac{1}{9 x^{2} - 4}$$$ 的積分

求$$$\int \frac{1}{9 x^{2} - 4}\, dx$$$。

進行部分分式分解（步驟可見 »）:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{9 x^{2} - 4} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\left(- \frac{1}{4 \left(3 x + 2\right)} + \frac{1}{4 \left(3 x - 2\right)}\right)d x}}}$$

逐項積分：

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(- \frac{1}{4 \left(3 x + 2\right)} + \frac{1}{4 \left(3 x - 2\right)}\right)d x}}} = {\color{red}{\left(\int{\frac{1}{4 \left(3 x - 2\right)} d x} - \int{\frac{1}{4 \left(3 x + 2\right)} d x}\right)}}$$

套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$，使用 $$$c=\frac{1}{4}$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \frac{1}{3 x + 2}$$$：

$$\int{\frac{1}{4 \left(3 x - 2\right)} d x} - {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{4 \left(3 x + 2\right)} d x}}} = \int{\frac{1}{4 \left(3 x - 2\right)} d x} - {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\frac{1}{3 x + 2} d x}}{4}\right)}}$$

令 $$$u=3 x + 2$$$。

則 $$$du=\left(3 x + 2\right)^{\prime }dx = 3 dx$$$ (步驟見»)，並可得 $$$dx = \frac{du}{3}$$$。

因此，

$$\int{\frac{1}{4 \left(3 x - 2\right)} d x} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{3 x + 2} d x}}}}{4} = \int{\frac{1}{4 \left(3 x - 2\right)} d x} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{3 u} d u}}}}{4}$$

套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$，使用 $$$c=\frac{1}{3}$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \frac{1}{u}$$$：

$$\int{\frac{1}{4 \left(3 x - 2\right)} d x} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{3 u} d u}}}}{4} = \int{\frac{1}{4 \left(3 x - 2\right)} d x} - \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}{3}\right)}}}{4}$$

$$$\frac{1}{u}$$$ 的積分是 $$$\int{\frac{1}{u} d u} = \ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}$$$：

$$\int{\frac{1}{4 \left(3 x - 2\right)} d x} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}}}{12} = \int{\frac{1}{4 \left(3 x - 2\right)} d x} - \frac{{\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}}}}{12}$$

回顧一下 $$$u=3 x + 2$$$：

$$- \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{u}}}\right| \right)}}{12} + \int{\frac{1}{4 \left(3 x - 2\right)} d x} = - \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\left(3 x + 2\right)}}}\right| \right)}}{12} + \int{\frac{1}{4 \left(3 x - 2\right)} d x}$$

套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$，使用 $$$c=\frac{1}{4}$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \frac{1}{3 x - 2}$$$：

$$- \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{3 x + 2}\right| \right)}}{12} + {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{4 \left(3 x - 2\right)} d x}}} = - \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{3 x + 2}\right| \right)}}{12} + {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\frac{1}{3 x - 2} d x}}{4}\right)}}$$

令 $$$u=3 x - 2$$$。

則 $$$du=\left(3 x - 2\right)^{\prime }dx = 3 dx$$$ (步驟見»)，並可得 $$$dx = \frac{du}{3}$$$。

所以，

$$- \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{3 x + 2}\right| \right)}}{12} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{3 x - 2} d x}}}}{4} = - \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{3 x + 2}\right| \right)}}{12} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{3 u} d u}}}}{4}$$

套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$，使用 $$$c=\frac{1}{3}$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \frac{1}{u}$$$：

$$- \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{3 x + 2}\right| \right)}}{12} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{3 u} d u}}}}{4} = - \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{3 x + 2}\right| \right)}}{12} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}{3}\right)}}}{4}$$

$$$\frac{1}{u}$$$ 的積分是 $$$\int{\frac{1}{u} d u} = \ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}$$$：

$$- \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{3 x + 2}\right| \right)}}{12} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}}}{12} = - \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{3 x + 2}\right| \right)}}{12} + \frac{{\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}}}}{12}$$

回顧一下 $$$u=3 x - 2$$$：

$$- \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{3 x + 2}\right| \right)}}{12} + \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{u}}}\right| \right)}}{12} = - \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{3 x + 2}\right| \right)}}{12} + \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\left(3 x - 2\right)}}}\right| \right)}}{12}$$

因此，

$$\int{\frac{1}{9 x^{2} - 4} d x} = \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{3 x - 2}\right| \right)}}{12} - \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{3 x + 2}\right| \right)}}{12}$$

加上積分常數：

$$\int{\frac{1}{9 x^{2} - 4} d x} = \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{3 x - 2}\right| \right)}}{12} - \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{3 x + 2}\right| \right)}}{12}+C$$

$$$\int \frac{1}{9 x^{2} - 4}\, dx = \left(\frac{\ln\left(\left|{3 x - 2}\right|\right)}{12} - \frac{\ln\left(\left|{3 x + 2}\right|\right)}{12}\right) + C$$$A