$$$\cot^{2}{\left(x \right)} - 1$$$ 的积分

求$$$\int \left(\cot^{2}{\left(x \right)} - 1\right)\, dx$$$。

逐项积分：

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(\cot^{2}{\left(x \right)} - 1\right)d x}}} = {\color{red}{\left(- \int{1 d x} + \int{\cot^{2}{\left(x \right)} d x}\right)}}$$

应用常数法则 $$$\int c\, dx = c x$$$，使用 $$$c=1$$$：

$$\int{\cot^{2}{\left(x \right)} d x} - {\color{red}{\int{1 d x}}} = \int{\cot^{2}{\left(x \right)} d x} - {\color{red}{x}}$$

设$$$u=\cot{\left(x \right)}$$$。

则$$$du=\left(\cot{\left(x \right)}\right)^{\prime }dx = - \csc^{2}{\left(x \right)} dx$$$ (步骤见»)，并有$$$\csc^{2}{\left(x \right)} dx = - du$$$。

因此，

$$- x + {\color{red}{\int{\cot^{2}{\left(x \right)} d x}}} = - x + {\color{red}{\int{\left(- \frac{u^{2}}{u^{2} + 1}\right)d u}}}$$

对 $$$c=-1$$$ 和 $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \frac{u^{2}}{u^{2} + 1}$$$ 应用常数倍法则 $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$：

$$- x + {\color{red}{\int{\left(- \frac{u^{2}}{u^{2} + 1}\right)d u}}} = - x + {\color{red}{\left(- \int{\frac{u^{2}}{u^{2} + 1} d u}\right)}}$$

改写并拆分该分式:

$$- x - {\color{red}{\int{\frac{u^{2}}{u^{2} + 1} d u}}} = - x - {\color{red}{\int{\left(1 - \frac{1}{u^{2} + 1}\right)d u}}}$$

逐项积分：

$$- x - {\color{red}{\int{\left(1 - \frac{1}{u^{2} + 1}\right)d u}}} = - x - {\color{red}{\left(\int{1 d u} - \int{\frac{1}{u^{2} + 1} d u}\right)}}$$

应用常数法则 $$$\int c\, du = c u$$$，使用 $$$c=1$$$：

$$- x + \int{\frac{1}{u^{2} + 1} d u} - {\color{red}{\int{1 d u}}} = - x + \int{\frac{1}{u^{2} + 1} d u} - {\color{red}{u}}$$

$$$\frac{1}{u^{2} + 1}$$$ 的积分为 $$$\int{\frac{1}{u^{2} + 1} d u} = \operatorname{atan}{\left(u \right)}$$$:

$$- u - x + {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u^{2} + 1} d u}}} = - u - x + {\color{red}{\operatorname{atan}{\left(u \right)}}}$$

回忆一下 $$$u=\cot{\left(x \right)}$$$:

$$- x + \operatorname{atan}{\left({\color{red}{u}} \right)} - {\color{red}{u}} = - x + \operatorname{atan}{\left({\color{red}{\cot{\left(x \right)}}} \right)} - {\color{red}{\cot{\left(x \right)}}}$$

因此，

$$\int{\left(\cot^{2}{\left(x \right)} - 1\right)d x} = - x - \cot{\left(x \right)} + \operatorname{atan}{\left(\cot{\left(x \right)} \right)}$$

加上积分常数：

$$\int{\left(\cot^{2}{\left(x \right)} - 1\right)d x} = - x - \cot{\left(x \right)} + \operatorname{atan}{\left(\cot{\left(x \right)} \right)}+C$$

$$$\int \left(\cot^{2}{\left(x \right)} - 1\right)\, dx = \left(- x - \cot{\left(x \right)} + \operatorname{atan}{\left(\cot{\left(x \right)} \right)}\right) + C$$$A