Derivada de $$$\ln\left(1 + \frac{3}{n}\right)$$$

A função $$$\ln\left(1 + \frac{3}{n}\right)$$$ é a composição $$$f{\left(g{\left(n \right)} \right)}$$$ de duas funções $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \ln\left(u\right)$$$ e $$$g{\left(n \right)} = 1 + \frac{3}{n}$$$.

Aplique a regra da cadeia $$$\frac{d}{dn} \left(f{\left(g{\left(n \right)} \right)}\right) = \frac{d}{du} \left(f{\left(u \right)}\right) \frac{d}{dn} \left(g{\left(n \right)}\right)$$$:

$${\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{dn} \left(\ln\left(1 + \frac{3}{n}\right)\right)\right)} = {\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{du} \left(\ln\left(u\right)\right) \frac{d}{dn} \left(1 + \frac{3}{n}\right)\right)}$$

A derivada do logaritmo natural é $$$\frac{d}{du} \left(\ln\left(u\right)\right) = \frac{1}{u}$$$:

$${\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{du} \left(\ln\left(u\right)\right)\right)} \frac{d}{dn} \left(1 + \frac{3}{n}\right) = {\color{red}\left(\frac{1}{u}\right)} \frac{d}{dn} \left(1 + \frac{3}{n}\right)$$

Retorne à variável original:

$$\frac{\frac{d}{dn} \left(1 + \frac{3}{n}\right)}{{\color{red}\left(u\right)}} = \frac{\frac{d}{dn} \left(1 + \frac{3}{n}\right)}{{\color{red}\left(1 + \frac{3}{n}\right)}}$$

A derivada de uma soma/diferença é a soma/diferença das derivadas:

$$\frac{{\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{dn} \left(1 + \frac{3}{n}\right)\right)}}{1 + \frac{3}{n}} = \frac{{\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{dn} \left(1\right) + \frac{d}{dn} \left(\frac{3}{n}\right)\right)}}{1 + \frac{3}{n}}$$

Aplique a regra da constante multiplicativa $$$\frac{d}{dn} \left(c f{\left(n \right)}\right) = c \frac{d}{dn} \left(f{\left(n \right)}\right)$$$ com $$$c = 3$$$ e $$$f{\left(n \right)} = \frac{1}{n}$$$:

$$\frac{{\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{dn} \left(\frac{3}{n}\right)\right)} + \frac{d}{dn} \left(1\right)}{1 + \frac{3}{n}} = \frac{{\color{red}\left(3 \frac{d}{dn} \left(\frac{1}{n}\right)\right)} + \frac{d}{dn} \left(1\right)}{1 + \frac{3}{n}}$$

A derivada de uma constante é $$$0$$$:

$$\frac{{\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{dn} \left(1\right)\right)} + 3 \frac{d}{dn} \left(\frac{1}{n}\right)}{1 + \frac{3}{n}} = \frac{{\color{red}\left(0\right)} + 3 \frac{d}{dn} \left(\frac{1}{n}\right)}{1 + \frac{3}{n}}$$

Aplique a regra da potência $$$\frac{d}{dn} \left(n^{m}\right) = m n^{m - 1}$$$ com $$$m = -1$$$:

$$\frac{3 {\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{dn} \left(\frac{1}{n}\right)\right)}}{1 + \frac{3}{n}} = \frac{3 {\color{red}\left(- \frac{1}{n^{2}}\right)}}{1 + \frac{3}{n}}$$

Simplifique:

$$- \frac{3}{n^{2} \left(1 + \frac{3}{n}\right)} = - \frac{3}{n \left(n + 3\right)}$$

Logo, $$$\frac{d}{dn} \left(\ln\left(1 + \frac{3}{n}\right)\right) = - \frac{3}{n \left(n + 3\right)}$$$.