Integraal van $$$12 int_{0}^{6} \sqrt{36 - x^{2}}$$$ met betrekking tot $$$x$$$

Bepaal $$$\int 12 int_{0}^{6} \sqrt{36 - x^{2}}\, dx$$$.

Pas de constante-veelvoudregel $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$ toe met $$$c=12 int_{0}^{6}$$$ en $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \sqrt{36 - x^{2}}$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{12 int_{0}^{6} \sqrt{36 - x^{2}} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\left(12 int_{0}^{6} \int{\sqrt{36 - x^{2}} d x}\right)}}$$

Zij $$$x=6 \sin{\left(u \right)}$$$.

Dan $$$dx=\left(6 \sin{\left(u \right)}\right)^{\prime }du = 6 \cos{\left(u \right)} du$$$ (zie » voor de stappen).

Bovendien volgt dat $$$u=\operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{x}{6} \right)}$$$.

Dus,

$$$\sqrt{36 - x^{2}} = \sqrt{36 - 36 \sin^{2}{\left( u \right)}}$$$

Gebruik de identiteit $$$1 - \sin^{2}{\left( u \right)} = \cos^{2}{\left( u \right)}$$$:

$$$\sqrt{36 - 36 \sin^{2}{\left( u \right)}}=6 \sqrt{1 - \sin^{2}{\left( u \right)}}=6 \sqrt{\cos^{2}{\left( u \right)}}$$$

Aangenomen dat $$$\cos{\left( u \right)} \ge 0$$$, verkrijgen we het volgende:

$$$6 \sqrt{\cos^{2}{\left( u \right)}} = 6 \cos{\left( u \right)}$$$

De integraal wordt

$$12 int_{0}^{6} {\color{red}{\int{\sqrt{36 - x^{2}} d x}}} = 12 int_{0}^{6} {\color{red}{\int{36 \cos^{2}{\left(u \right)} d u}}}$$

Pas de constante-veelvoudregel $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$ toe met $$$c=36$$$ en $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \cos^{2}{\left(u \right)}$$$:

$$12 int_{0}^{6} {\color{red}{\int{36 \cos^{2}{\left(u \right)} d u}}} = 12 int_{0}^{6} {\color{red}{\left(36 \int{\cos^{2}{\left(u \right)} d u}\right)}}$$

Pas de machtsreductieformule $$$\cos^{2}{\left(\alpha \right)} = \frac{\cos{\left(2 \alpha \right)}}{2} + \frac{1}{2}$$$ toe met $$$\alpha= u $$$:

$$432 int_{0}^{6} {\color{red}{\int{\cos^{2}{\left(u \right)} d u}}} = 432 int_{0}^{6} {\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{\cos{\left(2 u \right)}}{2} + \frac{1}{2}\right)d u}}}$$

Pas de constante-veelvoudregel $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$ toe met $$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ en $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \cos{\left(2 u \right)} + 1$$$:

$$432 int_{0}^{6} {\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{\cos{\left(2 u \right)}}{2} + \frac{1}{2}\right)d u}}} = 432 int_{0}^{6} {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\left(\cos{\left(2 u \right)} + 1\right)d u}}{2}\right)}}$$

Integreer termgewijs:

$$216 int_{0}^{6} {\color{red}{\int{\left(\cos{\left(2 u \right)} + 1\right)d u}}} = 216 int_{0}^{6} {\color{red}{\left(\int{1 d u} + \int{\cos{\left(2 u \right)} d u}\right)}}$$

Pas de constantenregel $$$\int c\, du = c u$$$ toe met $$$c=1$$$:

$$216 int_{0}^{6} \left(\int{\cos{\left(2 u \right)} d u} + {\color{red}{\int{1 d u}}}\right) = 216 int_{0}^{6} \left(\int{\cos{\left(2 u \right)} d u} + {\color{red}{u}}\right)$$

Zij $$$v=2 u$$$.

Dan $$$dv=\left(2 u\right)^{\prime }du = 2 du$$$ (de stappen zijn te zien »), en dan geldt dat $$$du = \frac{dv}{2}$$$.

De integraal kan worden herschreven als

$$216 int_{0}^{6} \left(u + {\color{red}{\int{\cos{\left(2 u \right)} d u}}}\right) = 216 int_{0}^{6} \left(u + {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos{\left(v \right)}}{2} d v}}}\right)$$

Pas de constante-veelvoudregel $$$\int c f{\left(v \right)}\, dv = c \int f{\left(v \right)}\, dv$$$ toe met $$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ en $$$f{\left(v \right)} = \cos{\left(v \right)}$$$:

$$216 int_{0}^{6} \left(u + {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos{\left(v \right)}}{2} d v}}}\right) = 216 int_{0}^{6} \left(u + {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\cos{\left(v \right)} d v}}{2}\right)}}\right)$$

De integraal van de cosinus is $$$\int{\cos{\left(v \right)} d v} = \sin{\left(v \right)}$$$:

$$216 int_{0}^{6} \left(u + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\cos{\left(v \right)} d v}}}}{2}\right) = 216 int_{0}^{6} \left(u + \frac{{\color{red}{\sin{\left(v \right)}}}}{2}\right)$$

We herinneren eraan dat $$$v=2 u$$$:

$$216 int_{0}^{6} \left(u + \frac{\sin{\left({\color{red}{v}} \right)}}{2}\right) = 216 int_{0}^{6} \left(u + \frac{\sin{\left({\color{red}{\left(2 u\right)}} \right)}}{2}\right)$$

We herinneren eraan dat $$$u=\operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{x}{6} \right)}$$$:

$$216 int_{0}^{6} \left(\frac{\sin{\left(2 {\color{red}{u}} \right)}}{2} + {\color{red}{u}}\right) = 216 int_{0}^{6} \left(\frac{\sin{\left(2 {\color{red}{\operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{x}{6} \right)}}} \right)}}{2} + {\color{red}{\operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{x}{6} \right)}}}\right)$$

Dus,

$$\int{12 int_{0}^{6} \sqrt{36 - x^{2}} d x} = 216 int_{0}^{6} \left(\frac{\sin{\left(2 \operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{x}{6} \right)} \right)}}{2} + \operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{x}{6} \right)}\right)$$

Gebruik de formules $$$\sin{\left(2 \operatorname{asin}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 2 \alpha \sqrt{1 - \alpha^{2}}$$$, $$$\sin{\left(2 \operatorname{acos}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 2 \alpha \sqrt{1 - \alpha^{2}}$$$, $$$\cos{\left(2 \operatorname{asin}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 1 - 2 \alpha^{2}$$$, $$$\cos{\left(2 \operatorname{acos}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 2 \alpha^{2} - 1$$$, $$$\sinh{\left(2 \operatorname{asinh}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 2 \alpha \sqrt{\alpha^{2} + 1}$$$, $$$\sinh{\left(2 \operatorname{acosh}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 2 \alpha \sqrt{\alpha - 1} \sqrt{\alpha + 1}$$$, $$$\cosh{\left(2 \operatorname{asinh}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 2 \alpha^{2} + 1$$$, $$$\cosh{\left(2 \operatorname{acosh}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 2 \alpha^{2} - 1$$$ om de uitdrukking te vereenvoudigen:

$$\int{12 int_{0}^{6} \sqrt{36 - x^{2}} d x} = 216 int_{0}^{6} \left(\frac{x \sqrt{1 - \frac{x^{2}}{36}}}{6} + \operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{x}{6} \right)}\right)$$

Vereenvoudig verder:

$$\int{12 int_{0}^{6} \sqrt{36 - x^{2}} d x} = 6 int_{0}^{6} \left(x \sqrt{36 - x^{2}} + 36 \operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{x}{6} \right)}\right)$$

Voeg de integratieconstante toe:

$$\int{12 int_{0}^{6} \sqrt{36 - x^{2}} d x} = 6 int_{0}^{6} \left(x \sqrt{36 - x^{2}} + 36 \operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{x}{6} \right)}\right)+C$$

$$$\int 12 int_{0}^{6} \sqrt{36 - x^{2}}\, dx = 6 int_{0}^{6} \left(x \sqrt{36 - x^{2}} + 36 \operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{x}{6} \right)}\right) + C$$$A