$$$\ln\left(-1 + \frac{1}{x}\right)$$$の導関数

関数$$$\ln\left(-1 + \frac{1}{x}\right)$$$は、2つの関数$$$f{\left(u \right)} = \ln\left(u\right)$$$と$$$g{\left(x \right)} = -1 + \frac{1}{x}$$$の合成$$$f{\left(g{\left(x \right)} \right)}$$$である。

連鎖律 $$$\frac{d}{dx} \left(f{\left(g{\left(x \right)} \right)}\right) = \frac{d}{du} \left(f{\left(u \right)}\right) \frac{d}{dx} \left(g{\left(x \right)}\right)$$$ を適用する:

$${\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{dx} \left(\ln\left(-1 + \frac{1}{x}\right)\right)\right)} = {\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{du} \left(\ln\left(u\right)\right) \frac{d}{dx} \left(-1 + \frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}$$

自然対数の導関数は $$$\frac{d}{du} \left(\ln\left(u\right)\right) = \frac{1}{u}$$$:

$${\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{du} \left(\ln\left(u\right)\right)\right)} \frac{d}{dx} \left(-1 + \frac{1}{x}\right) = {\color{red}\left(\frac{1}{u}\right)} \frac{d}{dx} \left(-1 + \frac{1}{x}\right)$$

元の変数に戻す:

$$\frac{\frac{d}{dx} \left(-1 + \frac{1}{x}\right)}{{\color{red}\left(u\right)}} = \frac{\frac{d}{dx} \left(-1 + \frac{1}{x}\right)}{{\color{red}\left(-1 + \frac{1}{x}\right)}}$$

和/差の導関数は、導関数の和/差である:

$$\frac{{\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{dx} \left(-1 + \frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}}{-1 + \frac{1}{x}} = \frac{{\color{red}\left(- \frac{d}{dx} \left(1\right) + \frac{d}{dx} \left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}}{-1 + \frac{1}{x}}$$

冪法則 $$$\frac{d}{dx} \left(x^{n}\right) = n x^{n - 1}$$$ を $$$n = -1$$$ に対して適用する:

$$\frac{{\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{dx} \left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)} - \frac{d}{dx} \left(1\right)}{-1 + \frac{1}{x}} = \frac{{\color{red}\left(- \frac{1}{x^{2}}\right)} - \frac{d}{dx} \left(1\right)}{-1 + \frac{1}{x}}$$

定数の導数は$$$0$$$です:

$$\frac{- {\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{dx} \left(1\right)\right)} - \frac{1}{x^{2}}}{-1 + \frac{1}{x}} = \frac{- {\color{red}\left(0\right)} - \frac{1}{x^{2}}}{-1 + \frac{1}{x}}$$

簡単化せよ:

$$- \frac{1}{x^{2} \left(-1 + \frac{1}{x}\right)} = \frac{1}{x \left(x - 1\right)}$$

したがって、$$$\frac{d}{dx} \left(\ln\left(-1 + \frac{1}{x}\right)\right) = \frac{1}{x \left(x - 1\right)}$$$。