対数微分計算機
対数を用いて微分を段階的に計算する
入力内容
$$$\frac{d}{dx} \left(x^{\sin{\left(x \right)}}\right)$$$ を求めよ。
解答
$$$H{\left(x \right)} = x^{\sin{\left(x \right)}}$$$ とする。
両辺の対数を取る: $$$\ln\left(H{\left(x \right)}\right) = \ln\left(x^{\sin{\left(x \right)}}\right)$$$.
対数の性質を用いて右辺を書き換えよ: $$$\ln\left(H{\left(x \right)}\right) = \ln\left(x\right) \sin{\left(x \right)}$$$。
方程式の両辺をそれぞれ微分せよ: $$$\frac{d}{dx} \left(\ln\left(H{\left(x \right)}\right)\right) = \frac{d}{dx} \left(\ln\left(x\right) \sin{\left(x \right)}\right)$$$
方程式の左辺を微分せよ。
関数$$$\ln\left(H{\left(x \right)}\right)$$$は、2つの関数$$$f{\left(u \right)} = \ln\left(u\right)$$$と$$$g{\left(x \right)} = H{\left(x \right)}$$$の合成$$$f{\left(g{\left(x \right)} \right)}$$$である。
連鎖律 $$$\frac{d}{dx} \left(f{\left(g{\left(x \right)} \right)}\right) = \frac{d}{du} \left(f{\left(u \right)}\right) \frac{d}{dx} \left(g{\left(x \right)}\right)$$$ を適用する:
$${\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{dx} \left(\ln\left(H{\left(x \right)}\right)\right)\right)} = {\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{du} \left(\ln\left(u\right)\right) \frac{d}{dx} \left(H{\left(x \right)}\right)\right)}$$自然対数の導関数は $$$\frac{d}{du} \left(\ln\left(u\right)\right) = \frac{1}{u}$$$:
$${\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{du} \left(\ln\left(u\right)\right)\right)} \frac{d}{dx} \left(H{\left(x \right)}\right) = {\color{red}\left(\frac{1}{u}\right)} \frac{d}{dx} \left(H{\left(x \right)}\right)$$元の変数に戻す:
$$\frac{\frac{d}{dx} \left(H{\left(x \right)}\right)}{{\color{red}\left(u\right)}} = \frac{\frac{d}{dx} \left(H{\left(x \right)}\right)}{{\color{red}\left(H{\left(x \right)}\right)}}$$したがって、$$$\frac{d}{dx} \left(\ln\left(H{\left(x \right)}\right)\right) = \frac{\frac{d}{dx} \left(H{\left(x \right)}\right)}{H{\left(x \right)}}$$$。
方程式の右辺を微分する。
積の微分法 $$$\frac{d}{dx} \left(f{\left(x \right)} g{\left(x \right)}\right) = \frac{d}{dx} \left(f{\left(x \right)}\right) g{\left(x \right)} + f{\left(x \right)} \frac{d}{dx} \left(g{\left(x \right)}\right)$$$ を $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \ln\left(x\right)$$$ と $$$g{\left(x \right)} = \sin{\left(x \right)}$$$ に適用する:
$${\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{dx} \left(\ln\left(x\right) \sin{\left(x \right)}\right)\right)} = {\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{dx} \left(\ln\left(x\right)\right) \sin{\left(x \right)} + \ln\left(x\right) \frac{d}{dx} \left(\sin{\left(x \right)}\right)\right)}$$自然対数の導関数は $$$\frac{d}{dx} \left(\ln\left(x\right)\right) = \frac{1}{x}$$$:
$$\ln\left(x\right) \frac{d}{dx} \left(\sin{\left(x \right)}\right) + \sin{\left(x \right)} {\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{dx} \left(\ln\left(x\right)\right)\right)} = \ln\left(x\right) \frac{d}{dx} \left(\sin{\left(x \right)}\right) + \sin{\left(x \right)} {\color{red}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}$$正弦関数の導関数は$$$\frac{d}{dx} \left(\sin{\left(x \right)}\right) = \cos{\left(x \right)}$$$:
$$\ln\left(x\right) {\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{dx} \left(\sin{\left(x \right)}\right)\right)} + \frac{\sin{\left(x \right)}}{x} = \ln\left(x\right) {\color{red}\left(\cos{\left(x \right)}\right)} + \frac{\sin{\left(x \right)}}{x}$$したがって、$$$\frac{d}{dx} \left(\ln\left(x\right) \sin{\left(x \right)}\right) = \ln\left(x\right) \cos{\left(x \right)} + \frac{\sin{\left(x \right)}}{x}$$$。
したがって、$$$\frac{\frac{d}{dx} \left(H{\left(x \right)}\right)}{H{\left(x \right)}} = \ln\left(x\right) \cos{\left(x \right)} + \frac{\sin{\left(x \right)}}{x}$$$。
したがって、$$$\frac{d}{dx} \left(H{\left(x \right)}\right) = \left(\ln\left(x\right) \cos{\left(x \right)} + \frac{\sin{\left(x \right)}}{x}\right) H{\left(x \right)} = x^{\sin{\left(x \right)} - 1} \left(x \ln\left(x\right) \cos{\left(x \right)} + \sin{\left(x \right)}\right)$$$。
解答
$$$\frac{d}{dx} \left(x^{\sin{\left(x \right)}}\right) = x^{\sin{\left(x \right)} - 1} \left(x \ln\left(x\right) \cos{\left(x \right)} + \sin{\left(x \right)}\right)$$$A