$$$\ln\left(x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}\right)$$$的导数

求$$$\frac{d}{dx} \left(\ln\left(x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}\right)\right)$$$。

函数$$$\ln\left(x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}\right)$$$是两个函数$$$f{\left(u \right)} = \ln\left(u\right)$$$和$$$g{\left(x \right)} = x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}$$$的复合$$$f{\left(g{\left(x \right)} \right)}$$$。

应用链式法则 $$$\frac{d}{dx} \left(f{\left(g{\left(x \right)} \right)}\right) = \frac{d}{du} \left(f{\left(u \right)}\right) \frac{d}{dx} \left(g{\left(x \right)}\right)$$$：

$${\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{dx} \left(\ln\left(x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}\right)\right)\right)} = {\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{du} \left(\ln\left(u\right)\right) \frac{d}{dx} \left(x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}\right)\right)}$$

自然对数的导数为 $$$\frac{d}{du} \left(\ln\left(u\right)\right) = \frac{1}{u}$$$：

$${\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{du} \left(\ln\left(u\right)\right)\right)} \frac{d}{dx} \left(x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}\right) = {\color{red}\left(\frac{1}{u}\right)} \frac{d}{dx} \left(x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}\right)$$

返回到原变量：

$$\frac{\frac{d}{dx} \left(x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}\right)}{{\color{red}\left(u\right)}} = \frac{\frac{d}{dx} \left(x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}\right)}{{\color{red}\left(x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}\right)}}$$

和/差的导数等于导数的和/差：

$$\frac{{\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{dx} \left(x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}\right)\right)}}{x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}} = \frac{{\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{dx} \left(x\right) + \frac{d}{dx} \left(\sqrt{x^{2} + 1}\right)\right)}}{x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}}$$

应用幂法则 $$$\frac{d}{dx} \left(x^{n}\right) = n x^{n - 1}$$$，取 $$$n = 1$$$，也就是说，$$$\frac{d}{dx} \left(x\right) = 1$$$：

$$\frac{{\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{dx} \left(x\right)\right)} + \frac{d}{dx} \left(\sqrt{x^{2} + 1}\right)}{x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}} = \frac{{\color{red}\left(1\right)} + \frac{d}{dx} \left(\sqrt{x^{2} + 1}\right)}{x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}}$$

函数$$$\sqrt{x^{2} + 1}$$$是两个函数$$$f{\left(u \right)} = \sqrt{u}$$$和$$$g{\left(x \right)} = x^{2} + 1$$$的复合$$$f{\left(g{\left(x \right)} \right)}$$$。

应用链式法则 $$$\frac{d}{dx} \left(f{\left(g{\left(x \right)} \right)}\right) = \frac{d}{du} \left(f{\left(u \right)}\right) \frac{d}{dx} \left(g{\left(x \right)}\right)$$$：

$$\frac{{\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{dx} \left(\sqrt{x^{2} + 1}\right)\right)} + 1}{x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}} = \frac{{\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{du} \left(\sqrt{u}\right) \frac{d}{dx} \left(x^{2} + 1\right)\right)} + 1}{x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}}$$

应用幂次法则 $$$\frac{d}{du} \left(u^{n}\right) = n u^{n - 1}$$$，其中 $$$n = \frac{1}{2}$$$:

$$\frac{{\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{du} \left(\sqrt{u}\right)\right)} \frac{d}{dx} \left(x^{2} + 1\right) + 1}{x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}} = \frac{{\color{red}\left(\frac{1}{2 \sqrt{u}}\right)} \frac{d}{dx} \left(x^{2} + 1\right) + 1}{x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}}$$

返回到原变量：

$$\frac{1 + \frac{\frac{d}{dx} \left(x^{2} + 1\right)}{2 \sqrt{{\color{red}\left(u\right)}}}}{x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}} = \frac{1 + \frac{\frac{d}{dx} \left(x^{2} + 1\right)}{2 \sqrt{{\color{red}\left(x^{2} + 1\right)}}}}{x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}}$$

和/差的导数等于导数的和/差：

$$\frac{1 + \frac{{\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{dx} \left(x^{2} + 1\right)\right)}}{2 \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}}}{x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}} = \frac{1 + \frac{{\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{dx} \left(x^{2}\right) + \frac{d}{dx} \left(1\right)\right)}}{2 \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}}}{x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}}$$

常数的导数是$$$0$$$:

$$\frac{1 + \frac{{\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{dx} \left(1\right)\right)} + \frac{d}{dx} \left(x^{2}\right)}{2 \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}}}{x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}} = \frac{1 + \frac{{\color{red}\left(0\right)} + \frac{d}{dx} \left(x^{2}\right)}{2 \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}}}{x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}}$$

应用幂次法则 $$$\frac{d}{dx} \left(x^{n}\right) = n x^{n - 1}$$$，其中 $$$n = 2$$$:

$$\frac{1 + \frac{{\color{red}\left(\frac{d}{dx} \left(x^{2}\right)\right)}}{2 \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}}}{x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}} = \frac{1 + \frac{{\color{red}\left(2 x\right)}}{2 \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}}}{x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}}$$

化简：

$$\frac{\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 1}} + 1}{x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 1}}$$

因此，$$$\frac{d}{dx} \left(\ln\left(x + \sqrt{x^{2} + 1}\right)\right) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^{2} + 1}}$$$。