Integral de $$$x^{2} \sec{\left(x^{3} \right)}$$$

Encontre $$$\int x^{2} \sec{\left(x^{3} \right)}\, dx$$$.

Seja $$$u=x^{3}$$$.

Então $$$du=\left(x^{3}\right)^{\prime }dx = 3 x^{2} dx$$$ (veja os passos »), e obtemos $$$x^{2} dx = \frac{du}{3}$$$.

Portanto,

$${\color{red}{\int{x^{2} \sec{\left(x^{3} \right)} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sec{\left(u \right)}}{3} d u}}}$$

Aplique a regra do múltiplo constante $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$ usando $$$c=\frac{1}{3}$$$ e $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \sec{\left(u \right)}$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sec{\left(u \right)}}{3} d u}}} = {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\sec{\left(u \right)} d u}}{3}\right)}}$$

Reescreva a secante como $$$\sec\left( u \right)=\frac{1}{\cos\left( u \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\sec{\left(u \right)} d u}}}}{3} = \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{\cos{\left(u \right)}} d u}}}}{3}$$

Reescreva o cosseno em termos do seno usando a fórmula $$$\cos\left( u \right)=\sin\left( u + \frac{\pi}{2}\right)$$$ e depois reescreva o seno usando a fórmula do ângulo duplo $$$\sin\left( u \right)=2\sin\left(\frac{ u }{2}\right)\cos\left(\frac{ u }{2}\right)$$$:

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{\cos{\left(u \right)}} d u}}}}{3} = \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 \sin{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)} \cos{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}} d u}}}}{3}$$

Multiplique o numerador e o denominador por $$$\sec^2\left(\frac{ u }{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)$$$:

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 \sin{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)} \cos{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}} d u}}}}{3} = \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}{2 \tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}} d u}}}}{3}$$

Seja $$$v=\tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}$$$.

Então $$$dv=\left(\tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}\right)^{\prime }du = \frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}{2} du$$$ (veja os passos »), e obtemos $$$\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)} du = 2 dv$$$.

A integral pode ser reescrita como

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}{2 \tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}} d u}}}}{3} = \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{v} d v}}}}{3}$$

A integral de $$$\frac{1}{v}$$$ é $$$\int{\frac{1}{v} d v} = \ln{\left(\left|{v}\right| \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{v} d v}}}}{3} = \frac{{\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{v}\right| \right)}}}}{3}$$

Recorde que $$$v=\tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{\ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{v}}}\right| \right)}}{3} = \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}}}\right| \right)}}{3}$$

Recorde que $$$u=x^{3}$$$:

$$\frac{\ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{\pi}{4} + \frac{{\color{red}{u}}}{2} \right)}}\right| \right)}}{3} = \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{\pi}{4} + \frac{{\color{red}{x^{3}}}}{2} \right)}}\right| \right)}}{3}$$

Portanto,

$$\int{x^{2} \sec{\left(x^{3} \right)} d x} = \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x^{3}}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}\right| \right)}}{3}$$

Adicione a constante de integração:

$$\int{x^{2} \sec{\left(x^{3} \right)} d x} = \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x^{3}}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}\right| \right)}}{3}+C$$

$$$\int x^{2} \sec{\left(x^{3} \right)}\, dx = \frac{\ln\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x^{3}}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}\right|\right)}{3} + C$$$A