$$$\sin^{2}{\left(x \right)} \cos^{2}{\left(x \right)}$$$の積分

$$$\int \sin^{2}{\left(x \right)} \cos^{2}{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$ を求めよ。

二倍角の公式 $$$\sin\left(x \right)\cos\left(x \right)=\frac{1}{2}\sin\left( 2 x \right)$$$ を用いて被積分関数を書き換えます:

$${\color{red}{\int{\sin^{2}{\left(x \right)} \cos^{2}{\left(x \right)} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sin^{2}{\left(2 x \right)}}{4} d x}}}$$

定数倍の法則 $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$ を、$$$c=\frac{1}{4}$$$ と $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \sin^{2}{\left(2 x \right)}$$$ に対して適用する:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sin^{2}{\left(2 x \right)}}{4} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\sin^{2}{\left(2 x \right)} d x}}{4}\right)}}$$

冪低減公式 $$$\sin^{2}{\left(\alpha \right)} = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{\cos{\left(2 \alpha \right)}}{2}$$$ を $$$\alpha=2 x$$$ に適用する:

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\sin^{2}{\left(2 x \right)} d x}}}}{4} = \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{1}{2} - \frac{\cos{\left(4 x \right)}}{2}\right)d x}}}}{4}$$

定数倍の法則 $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$ を、$$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ と $$$f{\left(x \right)} = 1 - \cos{\left(4 x \right)}$$$ に対して適用する:

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{1}{2} - \frac{\cos{\left(4 x \right)}}{2}\right)d x}}}}{4} = \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\left(1 - \cos{\left(4 x \right)}\right)d x}}{2}\right)}}}{4}$$

項別に積分せよ:

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(1 - \cos{\left(4 x \right)}\right)d x}}}}{8} = \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\int{1 d x} - \int{\cos{\left(4 x \right)} d x}\right)}}}{8}$$

$$$c=1$$$ に対して定数則 $$$\int c\, dx = c x$$$ を適用する:

$$- \frac{\int{\cos{\left(4 x \right)} d x}}{8} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{1 d x}}}}{8} = - \frac{\int{\cos{\left(4 x \right)} d x}}{8} + \frac{{\color{red}{x}}}{8}$$

$$$u=4 x$$$ とする。

すると $$$du=\left(4 x\right)^{\prime }dx = 4 dx$$$（手順は»で確認できます）、$$$dx = \frac{du}{4}$$$ となります。

積分は次のようになります

$$\frac{x}{8} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\cos{\left(4 x \right)} d x}}}}{8} = \frac{x}{8} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos{\left(u \right)}}{4} d u}}}}{8}$$

定数倍の法則 $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$ を、$$$c=\frac{1}{4}$$$ と $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \cos{\left(u \right)}$$$ に対して適用する:

$$\frac{x}{8} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos{\left(u \right)}}{4} d u}}}}{8} = \frac{x}{8} - \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\cos{\left(u \right)} d u}}{4}\right)}}}{8}$$

余弦の積分は$$$\int{\cos{\left(u \right)} d u} = \sin{\left(u \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{x}{8} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\cos{\left(u \right)} d u}}}}{32} = \frac{x}{8} - \frac{{\color{red}{\sin{\left(u \right)}}}}{32}$$

次のことを思い出してください $$$u=4 x$$$:

$$\frac{x}{8} - \frac{\sin{\left({\color{red}{u}} \right)}}{32} = \frac{x}{8} - \frac{\sin{\left({\color{red}{\left(4 x\right)}} \right)}}{32}$$

したがって、

$$\int{\sin^{2}{\left(x \right)} \cos^{2}{\left(x \right)} d x} = \frac{x}{8} - \frac{\sin{\left(4 x \right)}}{32}$$

積分定数を加える:

$$\int{\sin^{2}{\left(x \right)} \cos^{2}{\left(x \right)} d x} = \frac{x}{8} - \frac{\sin{\left(4 x \right)}}{32}+C$$

$$$\int \sin^{2}{\left(x \right)} \cos^{2}{\left(x \right)}\, dx = \left(\frac{x}{8} - \frac{\sin{\left(4 x \right)}}{32}\right) + C$$$A