Integral dari $$$\ln\left(1 - \phi\right)$$$

Temukan $$$\int \ln\left(1 - \phi\right)\, d\phi$$$.

Misalkan $$$u=1 - \phi$$$.

Kemudian $$$du=\left(1 - \phi\right)^{\prime }d\phi = - d\phi$$$ (langkah-langkah dapat dilihat di »), dan kita memperoleh $$$d\phi = - du$$$.

Integralnya menjadi

$${\color{red}{\int{\ln{\left(1 - \phi \right)} d \phi}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\left(- \ln{\left(u \right)}\right)d u}}}$$

Terapkan aturan pengali konstanta $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$ dengan $$$c=-1$$$ dan $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \ln{\left(u \right)}$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(- \ln{\left(u \right)}\right)d u}}} = {\color{red}{\left(- \int{\ln{\left(u \right)} d u}\right)}}$$

Untuk integral $$$\int{\ln{\left(u \right)} d u}$$$, gunakan integrasi parsial $$$\int \operatorname{c} \operatorname{dv} = \operatorname{c}\operatorname{v} - \int \operatorname{v} \operatorname{dc}$$$.

Misalkan $$$\operatorname{c}=\ln{\left(u \right)}$$$ dan $$$\operatorname{dv}=du$$$.

Maka $$$\operatorname{dc}=\left(\ln{\left(u \right)}\right)^{\prime }du=\frac{du}{u}$$$ (langkah-langkah dapat dilihat di ») dan $$$\operatorname{v}=\int{1 d u}=u$$$ (langkah-langkah dapat dilihat di »).

Integral tersebut dapat ditulis ulang sebagai

$$- {\color{red}{\int{\ln{\left(u \right)} d u}}}=- {\color{red}{\left(\ln{\left(u \right)} \cdot u-\int{u \cdot \frac{1}{u} d u}\right)}}=- {\color{red}{\left(u \ln{\left(u \right)} - \int{1 d u}\right)}}$$

Terapkan aturan konstanta $$$\int c\, du = c u$$$ dengan $$$c=1$$$:

$$- u \ln{\left(u \right)} + {\color{red}{\int{1 d u}}} = - u \ln{\left(u \right)} + {\color{red}{u}}$$

Ingat bahwa $$$u=1 - \phi$$$:

$${\color{red}{u}} - {\color{red}{u}} \ln{\left({\color{red}{u}} \right)} = {\color{red}{\left(1 - \phi\right)}} - {\color{red}{\left(1 - \phi\right)}} \ln{\left({\color{red}{\left(1 - \phi\right)}} \right)}$$

Oleh karena itu,

$$\int{\ln{\left(1 - \phi \right)} d \phi} = - \phi - \left(1 - \phi\right) \ln{\left(1 - \phi \right)} + 1$$

Sederhanakan:

$$\int{\ln{\left(1 - \phi \right)} d \phi} = \left(\phi - 1\right) \left(\ln{\left(1 - \phi \right)} - 1\right)$$

Tambahkan konstanta integrasi:

$$\int{\ln{\left(1 - \phi \right)} d \phi} = \left(\phi - 1\right) \left(\ln{\left(1 - \phi \right)} - 1\right)+C$$

$$$\int \ln\left(1 - \phi\right)\, d\phi = \left(\phi - 1\right) \left(\ln\left(1 - \phi\right) - 1\right) + C$$$A