Integral of $$$\sin^{2}{\left(x_{0} \right)}$$$

Find $$$\int \sin^{2}{\left(x_{0} \right)}\, dx_{0}$$$.

Apply the power reducing formula $$$\sin^{2}{\left(\alpha \right)} = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{\cos{\left(2 \alpha \right)}}{2}$$$ with $$$\alpha=x_{0}$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\sin^{2}{\left(x_{0} \right)} d x_{0}}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{1}{2} - \frac{\cos{\left(2 x_{0} \right)}}{2}\right)d x_{0}}}}$$

Apply the constant multiple rule $$$\int c f{\left(x_{0} \right)}\, dx_{0} = c \int f{\left(x_{0} \right)}\, dx_{0}$$$ with $$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ and $$$f{\left(x_{0} \right)} = 1 - \cos{\left(2 x_{0} \right)}$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{1}{2} - \frac{\cos{\left(2 x_{0} \right)}}{2}\right)d x_{0}}}} = {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\left(1 - \cos{\left(2 x_{0} \right)}\right)d x_{0}}}{2}\right)}}$$

Integrate term by term:

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(1 - \cos{\left(2 x_{0} \right)}\right)d x_{0}}}}}{2} = \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\int{1 d x_{0}} - \int{\cos{\left(2 x_{0} \right)} d x_{0}}\right)}}}{2}$$

Apply the constant rule $$$\int c\, dx_{0} = c x_{0}$$$ with $$$c=1$$$:

$$- \frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 x_{0} \right)} d x_{0}}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{1 d x_{0}}}}}{2} = - \frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 x_{0} \right)} d x_{0}}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{x_{0}}}}{2}$$

Let $$$u=2 x_{0}$$$.

Then $$$du=\left(2 x_{0}\right)^{\prime }dx_{0} = 2 dx_{0}$$$ (steps can be seen »), and we have that $$$dx_{0} = \frac{du}{2}$$$.

Thus,

$$\frac{x_{0}}{2} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\cos{\left(2 x_{0} \right)} d x_{0}}}}}{2} = \frac{x_{0}}{2} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos{\left(u \right)}}{2} d u}}}}{2}$$

Apply the constant multiple rule $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$ with $$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ and $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \cos{\left(u \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{x_{0}}{2} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos{\left(u \right)}}{2} d u}}}}{2} = \frac{x_{0}}{2} - \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\cos{\left(u \right)} d u}}{2}\right)}}}{2}$$

The integral of the cosine is $$$\int{\cos{\left(u \right)} d u} = \sin{\left(u \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{x_{0}}{2} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\cos{\left(u \right)} d u}}}}{4} = \frac{x_{0}}{2} - \frac{{\color{red}{\sin{\left(u \right)}}}}{4}$$

Recall that $$$u=2 x_{0}$$$:

$$\frac{x_{0}}{2} - \frac{\sin{\left({\color{red}{u}} \right)}}{4} = \frac{x_{0}}{2} - \frac{\sin{\left({\color{red}{\left(2 x_{0}\right)}} \right)}}{4}$$

Therefore,

$$\int{\sin^{2}{\left(x_{0} \right)} d x_{0}} = \frac{x_{0}}{2} - \frac{\sin{\left(2 x_{0} \right)}}{4}$$

Add the constant of integration:

$$\int{\sin^{2}{\left(x_{0} \right)} d x_{0}} = \frac{x_{0}}{2} - \frac{\sin{\left(2 x_{0} \right)}}{4}+C$$

$$$\int \sin^{2}{\left(x_{0} \right)}\, dx_{0} = \left(\frac{x_{0}}{2} - \frac{\sin{\left(2 x_{0} \right)}}{4}\right) + C$$$A