Integral of $$$\frac{e^{- x}}{x}$$$

Find $$$\int \frac{e^{- x}}{x}\, dx$$$.

Let $$$u=- x$$$.

Then $$$du=\left(- x\right)^{\prime }dx = - dx$$$ (steps can be seen »), and we have that $$$dx = - du$$$.

So,

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{e^{- x}}{x} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{e^{u}}{u} d u}}}$$

This integral (Exponential Integral) does not have a closed form:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{e^{u}}{u} d u}}} = {\color{red}{\operatorname{Ei}{\left(u \right)}}}$$

Recall that $$$u=- x$$$:

$$\operatorname{Ei}{\left({\color{red}{u}} \right)} = \operatorname{Ei}{\left({\color{red}{\left(- x\right)}} \right)}$$

Therefore,

$$\int{\frac{e^{- x}}{x} d x} = \operatorname{Ei}{\left(- x \right)}$$

Add the constant of integration:

$$\int{\frac{e^{- x}}{x} d x} = \operatorname{Ei}{\left(- x \right)}+C$$

$$$\int \frac{e^{- x}}{x}\, dx = \operatorname{Ei}{\left(- x \right)} + C$$$A