$$$\frac{c}{x \left(c - x\right)}$$$ 對 $$$x$$$ 的積分

求$$$\int \frac{c}{x \left(c - x\right)}\, dx$$$。

套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$，使用 $$$c=c$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \frac{1}{x \left(c - x\right)}$$$：

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{c}{x \left(c - x\right)} d x}}} = {\color{red}{c \int{\frac{1}{x \left(c - x\right)} d x}}}$$

進行部分分式分解:

$$c {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{x \left(c - x\right)} d x}}} = c {\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{1}{c \left(c - x\right)} + \frac{1}{c x}\right)d x}}}$$

逐項積分：

$$c {\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{1}{c \left(c - x\right)} + \frac{1}{c x}\right)d x}}} = c {\color{red}{\left(\int{\frac{1}{c x} d x} + \int{\frac{1}{c \left(c - x\right)} d x}\right)}}$$

套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$，使用 $$$c=\frac{1}{c}$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \frac{1}{x}$$$：

$$c \left(\int{\frac{1}{c \left(c - x\right)} d x} + {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{c x} d x}}}\right) = c \left(\int{\frac{1}{c \left(c - x\right)} d x} + {\color{red}{\frac{\int{\frac{1}{x} d x}}{c}}}\right)$$

$$$\frac{1}{x}$$$ 的積分是 $$$\int{\frac{1}{x} d x} = \ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)}$$$：

$$c \left(\int{\frac{1}{c \left(c - x\right)} d x} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{x} d x}}}}{c}\right) = c \left(\int{\frac{1}{c \left(c - x\right)} d x} + \frac{{\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)}}}}{c}\right)$$

套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$，使用 $$$c=\frac{1}{c}$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \frac{1}{c - x}$$$：

$$c \left({\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{c \left(c - x\right)} d x}}} + \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)}}{c}\right) = c \left({\color{red}{\frac{\int{\frac{1}{c - x} d x}}{c}}} + \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)}}{c}\right)$$

令 $$$u=c - x$$$。

則 $$$du=\left(c - x\right)^{\prime }dx = - dx$$$ (步驟見»)，並可得 $$$dx = - du$$$。

所以，

$$c \left(\frac{\ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)}}{c} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{c - x} d x}}}}{c}\right) = c \left(\frac{\ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)}}{c} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(- \frac{1}{u}\right)d u}}}}{c}\right)$$

套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$，使用 $$$c=-1$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \frac{1}{u}$$$：

$$c \left(\frac{\ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)}}{c} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(- \frac{1}{u}\right)d u}}}}{c}\right) = c \left(\frac{\ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)}}{c} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(- \int{\frac{1}{u} d u}\right)}}}{c}\right)$$

$$$\frac{1}{u}$$$ 的積分是 $$$\int{\frac{1}{u} d u} = \ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}$$$：

$$c \left(\frac{\ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)}}{c} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}}}{c}\right) = c \left(\frac{\ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)}}{c} - \frac{{\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}}}}{c}\right)$$

回顧一下 $$$u=c - x$$$：

$$c \left(\frac{\ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)}}{c} - \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{u}}}\right| \right)}}{c}\right) = c \left(\frac{\ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)}}{c} - \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\left(c - x\right)}}}\right| \right)}}{c}\right)$$

因此，

$$\int{\frac{c}{x \left(c - x\right)} d x} = c \left(\frac{\ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)}}{c} - \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{c - x}\right| \right)}}{c}\right)$$

化簡：

$$\int{\frac{c}{x \left(c - x\right)} d x} = \ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)} - \ln{\left(\left|{c - x}\right| \right)}$$

加上積分常數：

$$\int{\frac{c}{x \left(c - x\right)} d x} = \ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)} - \ln{\left(\left|{c - x}\right| \right)}+C$$

$$$\int \frac{c}{x \left(c - x\right)}\, dx = \left(\ln\left(\left|{x}\right|\right) - \ln\left(\left|{c - x}\right|\right)\right) + C$$$A