$$$\ln\left(x - 1\right)$$$ 的积分

求$$$\int \ln\left(x - 1\right)\, dx$$$。

设$$$u=x - 1$$$。

则$$$du=\left(x - 1\right)^{\prime }dx = 1 dx$$$ (步骤见»)，并有$$$dx = du$$$。

积分变为

$${\color{red}{\int{\ln{\left(x - 1 \right)} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\ln{\left(u \right)} d u}}}$$

对于积分$$$\int{\ln{\left(u \right)} d u}$$$，使用分部积分法$$$\int \operatorname{c} \operatorname{dv} = \operatorname{c}\operatorname{v} - \int \operatorname{v} \operatorname{dc}$$$。

设 $$$\operatorname{c}=\ln{\left(u \right)}$$$ 和 $$$\operatorname{dv}=du$$$。

则 $$$\operatorname{dc}=\left(\ln{\left(u \right)}\right)^{\prime }du=\frac{du}{u}$$$ (步骤见 »)，并且 $$$\operatorname{v}=\int{1 d u}=u$$$ (步骤见 »)。

所以，

$${\color{red}{\int{\ln{\left(u \right)} d u}}}={\color{red}{\left(\ln{\left(u \right)} \cdot u-\int{u \cdot \frac{1}{u} d u}\right)}}={\color{red}{\left(u \ln{\left(u \right)} - \int{1 d u}\right)}}$$

应用常数法则 $$$\int c\, du = c u$$$，使用 $$$c=1$$$：

$$u \ln{\left(u \right)} - {\color{red}{\int{1 d u}}} = u \ln{\left(u \right)} - {\color{red}{u}}$$

回忆一下 $$$u=x - 1$$$:

$$- {\color{red}{u}} + {\color{red}{u}} \ln{\left({\color{red}{u}} \right)} = - {\color{red}{\left(x - 1\right)}} + {\color{red}{\left(x - 1\right)}} \ln{\left({\color{red}{\left(x - 1\right)}} \right)}$$

因此，

$$\int{\ln{\left(x - 1 \right)} d x} = - x + \left(x - 1\right) \ln{\left(x - 1 \right)} + 1$$

化简：

$$\int{\ln{\left(x - 1 \right)} d x} = \left(x - 1\right) \left(\ln{\left(x - 1 \right)} - 1\right)$$

加上积分常数：

$$\int{\ln{\left(x - 1 \right)} d x} = \left(x - 1\right) \left(\ln{\left(x - 1 \right)} - 1\right)+C$$

$$$\int \ln\left(x - 1\right)\, dx = \left(x - 1\right) \left(\ln\left(x - 1\right) - 1\right) + C$$$A