Integralen av $$$\frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{\sin{\left(x \right)}}$$$

Bestäm $$$\int \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{\sin{\left(x \right)}}\, dx$$$.

Skriv om cosinus med hjälp av dubbelvinkelformeln $$$\cos\left(2x\right)=-2\sin^2\left(x\right)+1$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{\sin{\left(x \right)}} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1 - 2 \sin^{2}{\left(x \right)}}{\sin{\left(x \right)}} d x}}}$$

Dela upp bråket:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{1 - 2 \sin^{2}{\left(x \right)}}{\sin{\left(x \right)}} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\left(- 2 \sin{\left(x \right)} + \frac{1}{\sin{\left(x \right)}}\right)d x}}}$$

Integrera termvis:

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(- 2 \sin{\left(x \right)} + \frac{1}{\sin{\left(x \right)}}\right)d x}}} = {\color{red}{\left(\int{\frac{1}{\sin{\left(x \right)}} d x} - \int{2 \sin{\left(x \right)} d x}\right)}}$$

Skriv om sinus med hjälp av dubbelvinkelformeln $$$\sin\left(x\right)=2\sin\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\cos\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)$$$:

$$- \int{2 \sin{\left(x \right)} d x} + {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{\sin{\left(x \right)}} d x}}} = - \int{2 \sin{\left(x \right)} d x} + {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 \sin{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)} \cos{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}} d x}}}$$

Multiplicera täljare och nämnare med $$$\sec^2\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)$$$:

$$- \int{2 \sin{\left(x \right)} d x} + {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 \sin{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)} \cos{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}} d x}}} = - \int{2 \sin{\left(x \right)} d x} + {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}}{2 \tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}} d x}}}$$

Låt $$$u=\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}$$$ vara.

Då $$$du=\left(\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}\right)^{\prime }dx = \frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}}{2} dx$$$ (stegen kan ses »), och vi har att $$$\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)} dx = 2 du$$$.

Integralen blir

$$- \int{2 \sin{\left(x \right)} d x} + {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}}{2 \tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}} d x}}} = - \int{2 \sin{\left(x \right)} d x} + {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}}$$

Integralen av $$$\frac{1}{u}$$$ är $$$\int{\frac{1}{u} d u} = \ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}$$$:

$$- \int{2 \sin{\left(x \right)} d x} + {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}} = - \int{2 \sin{\left(x \right)} d x} + {\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}}}$$

Kom ihåg att $$$u=\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}$$$:

$$\ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{u}}}\right| \right)} - \int{2 \sin{\left(x \right)} d x} = \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}}}}\right| \right)} - \int{2 \sin{\left(x \right)} d x}$$

Tillämpa konstantfaktorregeln $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$ med $$$c=2$$$ och $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \sin{\left(x \right)}$$$:

$$\ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}}\right| \right)} - {\color{red}{\int{2 \sin{\left(x \right)} d x}}} = \ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}}\right| \right)} - {\color{red}{\left(2 \int{\sin{\left(x \right)} d x}\right)}}$$

Integralen av sinus är $$$\int{\sin{\left(x \right)} d x} = - \cos{\left(x \right)}$$$:

$$\ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}}\right| \right)} - 2 {\color{red}{\int{\sin{\left(x \right)} d x}}} = \ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}}\right| \right)} - 2 {\color{red}{\left(- \cos{\left(x \right)}\right)}}$$

Alltså,

$$\int{\frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{\sin{\left(x \right)}} d x} = \ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}}\right| \right)} + 2 \cos{\left(x \right)}$$

Lägg till integrationskonstanten:

$$\int{\frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{\sin{\left(x \right)}} d x} = \ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}}\right| \right)} + 2 \cos{\left(x \right)}+C$$

$$$\int \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{\sin{\left(x \right)}}\, dx = \left(\ln\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}}\right|\right) + 2 \cos{\left(x \right)}\right) + C$$$A