Integral de $$$- \csc{\left(x \right)}$$$

Encontre $$$\int \left(- \csc{\left(x \right)}\right)\, dx$$$.

Aplique a regra do múltiplo constante $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$ usando $$$c=-1$$$ e $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \csc{\left(x \right)}$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(- \csc{\left(x \right)}\right)d x}}} = {\color{red}{\left(- \int{\csc{\left(x \right)} d x}\right)}}$$

Reescreva a cossecante como $$$\csc\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{\sin\left(x\right)}$$$:

$$- {\color{red}{\int{\csc{\left(x \right)} d x}}} = - {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{\sin{\left(x \right)}} d x}}}$$

Reescreva o seno usando a fórmula do ângulo duplo $$$\sin\left(x\right)=2\sin\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\cos\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)$$$:

$$- {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{\sin{\left(x \right)}} d x}}} = - {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 \sin{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)} \cos{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}} d x}}}$$

Multiplique o numerador e o denominador por $$$\sec^2\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)$$$:

$$- {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 \sin{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)} \cos{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}} d x}}} = - {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}}{2 \tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}} d x}}}$$

Seja $$$u=\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}$$$.

Então $$$du=\left(\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}\right)^{\prime }dx = \frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}}{2} dx$$$ (veja os passos »), e obtemos $$$\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)} dx = 2 du$$$.

A integral torna-se

$$- {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}}{2 \tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}} d x}}} = - {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}}$$

A integral de $$$\frac{1}{u}$$$ é $$$\int{\frac{1}{u} d u} = \ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}$$$:

$$- {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}} = - {\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}}}$$

Recorde que $$$u=\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}$$$:

$$- \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{u}}}\right| \right)} = - \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}}}}\right| \right)}$$

Portanto,

$$\int{\left(- \csc{\left(x \right)}\right)d x} = - \ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}}\right| \right)}$$

Adicione a constante de integração:

$$\int{\left(- \csc{\left(x \right)}\right)d x} = - \ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}}\right| \right)}+C$$

$$$\int \left(- \csc{\left(x \right)}\right)\, dx = - \ln\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}}\right|\right) + C$$$A