Integral de $$$\frac{1}{p \left(1 - \frac{p}{n}\right)}$$$ em relação a $$$n$$$

Encontre $$$\int \frac{1}{p \left(1 - \frac{p}{n}\right)}\, dn$$$.

Aplique a regra do múltiplo constante $$$\int c f{\left(n \right)}\, dn = c \int f{\left(n \right)}\, dn$$$ usando $$$c=\frac{1}{p}$$$ e $$$f{\left(n \right)} = \frac{1}{1 - \frac{p}{n}}$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{p \left(1 - \frac{p}{n}\right)} d n}}} = {\color{red}{\frac{\int{\frac{1}{1 - \frac{p}{n}} d n}}{p}}}$$

Simplify:

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{1 - \frac{p}{n}} d n}}}}{p} = \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{n}{n - p} d n}}}}{p}$$

Reescreva e separe a fração:

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{n}{n - p} d n}}}}{p} = \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{p}{n - p} + 1\right)d n}}}}{p}$$

Integre termo a termo:

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{p}{n - p} + 1\right)d n}}}}{p} = \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\int{1 d n} + \int{\frac{p}{n - p} d n}\right)}}}{p}$$

Aplique a regra da constante $$$\int c\, dn = c n$$$ usando $$$c=1$$$:

$$\frac{\int{\frac{p}{n - p} d n} + {\color{red}{\int{1 d n}}}}{p} = \frac{\int{\frac{p}{n - p} d n} + {\color{red}{n}}}{p}$$

Aplique a regra do múltiplo constante $$$\int c f{\left(n \right)}\, dn = c \int f{\left(n \right)}\, dn$$$ usando $$$c=p$$$ e $$$f{\left(n \right)} = \frac{1}{n - p}$$$:

$$\frac{n + {\color{red}{\int{\frac{p}{n - p} d n}}}}{p} = \frac{n + {\color{red}{p \int{\frac{1}{n - p} d n}}}}{p}$$

Seja $$$u=n - p$$$.

Então $$$du=\left(n - p\right)^{\prime }dn = 1 dn$$$ (veja os passos »), e obtemos $$$dn = du$$$.

Assim,

$$\frac{n + p {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{n - p} d n}}}}{p} = \frac{n + p {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}}}{p}$$

A integral de $$$\frac{1}{u}$$$ é $$$\int{\frac{1}{u} d u} = \ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{n + p {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}}}{p} = \frac{n + p {\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}}}}{p}$$

Recorde que $$$u=n - p$$$:

$$\frac{n + p \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{u}}}\right| \right)}}{p} = \frac{n + p \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\left(n - p\right)}}}\right| \right)}}{p}$$

Portanto,

$$\int{\frac{1}{p \left(1 - \frac{p}{n}\right)} d n} = \frac{n + p \ln{\left(\left|{n - p}\right| \right)}}{p}$$

Simplifique:

$$\int{\frac{1}{p \left(1 - \frac{p}{n}\right)} d n} = \frac{n}{p} + \ln{\left(\left|{n - p}\right| \right)}$$

Adicione a constante de integração:

$$\int{\frac{1}{p \left(1 - \frac{p}{n}\right)} d n} = \frac{n}{p} + \ln{\left(\left|{n - p}\right| \right)}+C$$

$$$\int \frac{1}{p \left(1 - \frac{p}{n}\right)}\, dn = \left(\frac{n}{p} + \ln\left(\left|{n - p}\right|\right)\right) + C$$$A