Integraal van $$$\frac{2 x^{2}}{1 - x}$$$

Bepaal $$$\int \frac{2 x^{2}}{1 - x}\, dx$$$.

Pas de constante-veelvoudregel $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$ toe met $$$c=2$$$ en $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \frac{x^{2}}{1 - x}$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{2 x^{2}}{1 - x} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\left(2 \int{\frac{x^{2}}{1 - x} d x}\right)}}$$

Aangezien de graad van de teller niet kleiner is dan die van de noemer, voer een staartdeling van polynomen uit (stappen zijn te zien »):

$$2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{x^{2}}{1 - x} d x}}} = 2 {\color{red}{\int{\left(- x - 1 + \frac{1}{1 - x}\right)d x}}}$$

Integreer termgewijs:

$$2 {\color{red}{\int{\left(- x - 1 + \frac{1}{1 - x}\right)d x}}} = 2 {\color{red}{\left(- \int{1 d x} - \int{x d x} + \int{\frac{1}{1 - x} d x}\right)}}$$

Pas de constantenregel $$$\int c\, dx = c x$$$ toe met $$$c=1$$$:

$$- 2 \int{x d x} + 2 \int{\frac{1}{1 - x} d x} - 2 {\color{red}{\int{1 d x}}} = - 2 \int{x d x} + 2 \int{\frac{1}{1 - x} d x} - 2 {\color{red}{x}}$$

Zij $$$u=1 - x$$$.

Dan $$$du=\left(1 - x\right)^{\prime }dx = - dx$$$ (de stappen zijn te zien »), en dan geldt dat $$$dx = - du$$$.

Dus,

$$- 2 x - 2 \int{x d x} + 2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{1 - x} d x}}} = - 2 x - 2 \int{x d x} + 2 {\color{red}{\int{\left(- \frac{1}{u}\right)d u}}}$$

Pas de constante-veelvoudregel $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$ toe met $$$c=-1$$$ en $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \frac{1}{u}$$$:

$$- 2 x - 2 \int{x d x} + 2 {\color{red}{\int{\left(- \frac{1}{u}\right)d u}}} = - 2 x - 2 \int{x d x} + 2 {\color{red}{\left(- \int{\frac{1}{u} d u}\right)}}$$

De integraal van $$$\frac{1}{u}$$$ is $$$\int{\frac{1}{u} d u} = \ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}$$$:

$$- 2 x - 2 \int{x d x} - 2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}} = - 2 x - 2 \int{x d x} - 2 {\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}}}$$

We herinneren eraan dat $$$u=1 - x$$$:

$$- 2 x - 2 \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{u}}}\right| \right)} - 2 \int{x d x} = - 2 x - 2 \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\left(1 - x\right)}}}\right| \right)} - 2 \int{x d x}$$

Pas de machtsregel $$$\int x^{n}\, dx = \frac{x^{n + 1}}{n + 1}$$$ $$$\left(n \neq -1 \right)$$$ toe met $$$n=1$$$:

$$- 2 x - 2 \ln{\left(\left|{x - 1}\right| \right)} - 2 {\color{red}{\int{x d x}}}=- 2 x - 2 \ln{\left(\left|{x - 1}\right| \right)} - 2 {\color{red}{\frac{x^{1 + 1}}{1 + 1}}}=- 2 x - 2 \ln{\left(\left|{x - 1}\right| \right)} - 2 {\color{red}{\left(\frac{x^{2}}{2}\right)}}$$

Dus,

$$\int{\frac{2 x^{2}}{1 - x} d x} = - x^{2} - 2 x - 2 \ln{\left(\left|{x - 1}\right| \right)}$$

Voeg de integratieconstante toe:

$$\int{\frac{2 x^{2}}{1 - x} d x} = - x^{2} - 2 x - 2 \ln{\left(\left|{x - 1}\right| \right)}+C$$

$$$\int \frac{2 x^{2}}{1 - x}\, dx = \left(- x^{2} - 2 x - 2 \ln\left(\left|{x - 1}\right|\right)\right) + C$$$A