$$$\frac{\cos^{4}{\left(x \right)}}{\sin^{4}{\left(x \right)}}$$$の積分

$$$\int \frac{\cos^{4}{\left(x \right)}}{\sin^{4}{\left(x \right)}}\, dx$$$ を求めよ。

余接関数で表せ:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos^{4}{\left(x \right)}}{\sin^{4}{\left(x \right)}} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\cot^{4}{\left(x \right)} d x}}}$$

$$$u=\cot{\left(x \right)}$$$ とする。

すると $$$du=\left(\cot{\left(x \right)}\right)^{\prime }dx = - \csc^{2}{\left(x \right)} dx$$$（手順は»で確認できます）、$$$\csc^{2}{\left(x \right)} dx = - du$$$ となります。

したがって、

$${\color{red}{\int{\cot^{4}{\left(x \right)} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\left(- \frac{u^{4}}{u^{2} + 1}\right)d u}}}$$

定数倍の法則 $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$ を、$$$c=-1$$$ と $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \frac{u^{4}}{u^{2} + 1}$$$ に対して適用する:

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(- \frac{u^{4}}{u^{2} + 1}\right)d u}}} = {\color{red}{\left(- \int{\frac{u^{4}}{u^{2} + 1} d u}\right)}}$$

分子の次数が分母の次数以上であるため、多項式の長除法を行います（手順は»で確認できます）:

$$- {\color{red}{\int{\frac{u^{4}}{u^{2} + 1} d u}}} = - {\color{red}{\int{\left(u^{2} - 1 + \frac{1}{u^{2} + 1}\right)d u}}}$$

項別に積分せよ:

$$- {\color{red}{\int{\left(u^{2} - 1 + \frac{1}{u^{2} + 1}\right)d u}}} = - {\color{red}{\left(- \int{1 d u} + \int{u^{2} d u} + \int{\frac{1}{u^{2} + 1} d u}\right)}}$$

$$$c=1$$$ に対して定数則 $$$\int c\, du = c u$$$ を適用する:

$$- \int{u^{2} d u} - \int{\frac{1}{u^{2} + 1} d u} + {\color{red}{\int{1 d u}}} = - \int{u^{2} d u} - \int{\frac{1}{u^{2} + 1} d u} + {\color{red}{u}}$$

$$$n=2$$$ を用いて、べき乗の法則 $$$\int u^{n}\, du = \frac{u^{n + 1}}{n + 1}$$$ $$$\left(n \neq -1 \right)$$$ を適用します:

$$u - \int{\frac{1}{u^{2} + 1} d u} - {\color{red}{\int{u^{2} d u}}}=u - \int{\frac{1}{u^{2} + 1} d u} - {\color{red}{\frac{u^{1 + 2}}{1 + 2}}}=u - \int{\frac{1}{u^{2} + 1} d u} - {\color{red}{\left(\frac{u^{3}}{3}\right)}}$$

$$$\frac{1}{u^{2} + 1}$$$ の不定積分は $$$\int{\frac{1}{u^{2} + 1} d u} = \operatorname{atan}{\left(u \right)}$$$ です:

$$- \frac{u^{3}}{3} + u - {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u^{2} + 1} d u}}} = - \frac{u^{3}}{3} + u - {\color{red}{\operatorname{atan}{\left(u \right)}}}$$

次のことを思い出してください $$$u=\cot{\left(x \right)}$$$:

$$- \operatorname{atan}{\left({\color{red}{u}} \right)} + {\color{red}{u}} - \frac{{\color{red}{u}}^{3}}{3} = - \operatorname{atan}{\left({\color{red}{\cot{\left(x \right)}}} \right)} + {\color{red}{\cot{\left(x \right)}}} - \frac{{\color{red}{\cot{\left(x \right)}}}^{3}}{3}$$

したがって、

$$\int{\frac{\cos^{4}{\left(x \right)}}{\sin^{4}{\left(x \right)}} d x} = - \frac{\cot^{3}{\left(x \right)}}{3} + \cot{\left(x \right)} - \operatorname{atan}{\left(\cot{\left(x \right)} \right)}$$

積分定数を加える:

$$\int{\frac{\cos^{4}{\left(x \right)}}{\sin^{4}{\left(x \right)}} d x} = - \frac{\cot^{3}{\left(x \right)}}{3} + \cot{\left(x \right)} - \operatorname{atan}{\left(\cot{\left(x \right)} \right)}+C$$

$$$\int \frac{\cos^{4}{\left(x \right)}}{\sin^{4}{\left(x \right)}}\, dx = \left(- \frac{\cot^{3}{\left(x \right)}}{3} + \cot{\left(x \right)} - \operatorname{atan}{\left(\cot{\left(x \right)} \right)}\right) + C$$$A