Funktion $$$8 \tan^{3}{\left(x \right)} \sec{\left(x \right)}$$$ integraali

Määritä $$$\int 8 \tan^{3}{\left(x \right)} \sec{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$.

Sovella vakiokertoimen sääntöä $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$ käyttäen $$$c=8$$$ ja $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \tan^{3}{\left(x \right)} \sec{\left(x \right)}$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{8 \tan^{3}{\left(x \right)} \sec{\left(x \right)} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\left(8 \int{\tan^{3}{\left(x \right)} \sec{\left(x \right)} d x}\right)}}$$

Irrota yksi tangentti ja ilmaise kaikki muu sekantin funktiona käyttäen kaavaa $$$\tan^2\left(x \right)=\sec^2\left(x \right)-1$$$:

$$8 {\color{red}{\int{\tan^{3}{\left(x \right)} \sec{\left(x \right)} d x}}} = 8 {\color{red}{\int{\left(\sec^{2}{\left(x \right)} - 1\right) \tan{\left(x \right)} \sec{\left(x \right)} d x}}}$$

Olkoon $$$u=\sec{\left(x \right)}$$$.

Tällöin $$$du=\left(\sec{\left(x \right)}\right)^{\prime }dx = \tan{\left(x \right)} \sec{\left(x \right)} dx$$$ (vaiheet ovat nähtävissä ») ja saamme, että $$$\tan{\left(x \right)} \sec{\left(x \right)} dx = du$$$.

Integraali muuttuu muotoon

$$8 {\color{red}{\int{\left(\sec^{2}{\left(x \right)} - 1\right) \tan{\left(x \right)} \sec{\left(x \right)} d x}}} = 8 {\color{red}{\int{\left(u^{2} - 1\right)d u}}}$$

Integroi termi kerrallaan:

$$8 {\color{red}{\int{\left(u^{2} - 1\right)d u}}} = 8 {\color{red}{\left(- \int{1 d u} + \int{u^{2} d u}\right)}}$$

Sovella vakiosääntöä $$$\int c\, du = c u$$$ käyttäen $$$c=1$$$:

$$8 \int{u^{2} d u} - 8 {\color{red}{\int{1 d u}}} = 8 \int{u^{2} d u} - 8 {\color{red}{u}}$$

Sovella potenssisääntöä $$$\int u^{n}\, du = \frac{u^{n + 1}}{n + 1}$$$ $$$\left(n \neq -1 \right)$$$ käyttäen $$$n=2$$$:

$$- 8 u + 8 {\color{red}{\int{u^{2} d u}}}=- 8 u + 8 {\color{red}{\frac{u^{1 + 2}}{1 + 2}}}=- 8 u + 8 {\color{red}{\left(\frac{u^{3}}{3}\right)}}$$

Muista, että $$$u=\sec{\left(x \right)}$$$:

$$- 8 {\color{red}{u}} + \frac{8 {\color{red}{u}}^{3}}{3} = - 8 {\color{red}{\sec{\left(x \right)}}} + \frac{8 {\color{red}{\sec{\left(x \right)}}}^{3}}{3}$$

Näin ollen,

$$\int{8 \tan^{3}{\left(x \right)} \sec{\left(x \right)} d x} = \frac{8 \sec^{3}{\left(x \right)}}{3} - 8 \sec{\left(x \right)}$$

Sievennä:

$$\int{8 \tan^{3}{\left(x \right)} \sec{\left(x \right)} d x} = \frac{8 \left(\sec^{2}{\left(x \right)} - 3\right) \sec{\left(x \right)}}{3}$$

Lisää integrointivakio:

$$\int{8 \tan^{3}{\left(x \right)} \sec{\left(x \right)} d x} = \frac{8 \left(\sec^{2}{\left(x \right)} - 3\right) \sec{\left(x \right)}}{3}+C$$

$$$\int 8 \tan^{3}{\left(x \right)} \sec{\left(x \right)}\, dx = \frac{8 \left(\sec^{2}{\left(x \right)} - 3\right) \sec{\left(x \right)}}{3} + C$$$A