$$$\sqrt{- x^{2} + 6 x}$$$ 的積分

求$$$\int \sqrt{- x^{2} + 6 x}\, dx$$$。

配方法 (步驟見 »): $$$- x^{2} + 6 x = 9 - \left(x - 3\right)^{2}$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\sqrt{- x^{2} + 6 x} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\sqrt{9 - \left(x - 3\right)^{2}} d x}}}$$

令 $$$u=x - 3$$$。

則 $$$du=\left(x - 3\right)^{\prime }dx = 1 dx$$$ (步驟見»)，並可得 $$$dx = du$$$。

該積分可改寫為

$${\color{red}{\int{\sqrt{9 - \left(x - 3\right)^{2}} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\sqrt{9 - u^{2}} d u}}}$$

令 $$$u=3 \sin{\left(v \right)}$$$。

則 $$$du=\left(3 \sin{\left(v \right)}\right)^{\prime }dv = 3 \cos{\left(v \right)} dv$$$（步驟見»）。

此外，由此可得 $$$v=\operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{u}{3} \right)}$$$。

所以，

$$$\sqrt{9 - u ^{2}} = \sqrt{9 - 9 \sin^{2}{\left( v \right)}}$$$

使用恆等式 $$$1 - \sin^{2}{\left( v \right)} = \cos^{2}{\left( v \right)}$$$：

$$$\sqrt{9 - 9 \sin^{2}{\left( v \right)}}=3 \sqrt{1 - \sin^{2}{\left( v \right)}}=3 \sqrt{\cos^{2}{\left( v \right)}}$$$

假設 $$$\cos{\left( v \right)} \ge 0$$$，可得如下：

$$$3 \sqrt{\cos^{2}{\left( v \right)}} = 3 \cos{\left( v \right)}$$$

因此，

$${\color{red}{\int{\sqrt{9 - u^{2}} d u}}} = {\color{red}{\int{9 \cos^{2}{\left(v \right)} d v}}}$$

套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(v \right)}\, dv = c \int f{\left(v \right)}\, dv$$$，使用 $$$c=9$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(v \right)} = \cos^{2}{\left(v \right)}$$$：

$${\color{red}{\int{9 \cos^{2}{\left(v \right)} d v}}} = {\color{red}{\left(9 \int{\cos^{2}{\left(v \right)} d v}\right)}}$$

套用降冪公式 $$$\cos^{2}{\left(\alpha \right)} = \frac{\cos{\left(2 \alpha \right)}}{2} + \frac{1}{2}$$$，令 $$$\alpha= v $$$:

$$9 {\color{red}{\int{\cos^{2}{\left(v \right)} d v}}} = 9 {\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{\cos{\left(2 v \right)}}{2} + \frac{1}{2}\right)d v}}}$$

套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(v \right)}\, dv = c \int f{\left(v \right)}\, dv$$$，使用 $$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(v \right)} = \cos{\left(2 v \right)} + 1$$$：

$$9 {\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{\cos{\left(2 v \right)}}{2} + \frac{1}{2}\right)d v}}} = 9 {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\left(\cos{\left(2 v \right)} + 1\right)d v}}{2}\right)}}$$

逐項積分：

$$\frac{9 {\color{red}{\int{\left(\cos{\left(2 v \right)} + 1\right)d v}}}}{2} = \frac{9 {\color{red}{\left(\int{1 d v} + \int{\cos{\left(2 v \right)} d v}\right)}}}{2}$$

配合 $$$c=1$$$，應用常數法則 $$$\int c\, dv = c v$$$：

$$\frac{9 \int{\cos{\left(2 v \right)} d v}}{2} + \frac{9 {\color{red}{\int{1 d v}}}}{2} = \frac{9 \int{\cos{\left(2 v \right)} d v}}{2} + \frac{9 {\color{red}{v}}}{2}$$

令 $$$w=2 v$$$。

則 $$$dw=\left(2 v\right)^{\prime }dv = 2 dv$$$ (步驟見»)，並可得 $$$dv = \frac{dw}{2}$$$。

該積分變為

$$\frac{9 v}{2} + \frac{9 {\color{red}{\int{\cos{\left(2 v \right)} d v}}}}{2} = \frac{9 v}{2} + \frac{9 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos{\left(w \right)}}{2} d w}}}}{2}$$

套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(w \right)}\, dw = c \int f{\left(w \right)}\, dw$$$，使用 $$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(w \right)} = \cos{\left(w \right)}$$$：

$$\frac{9 v}{2} + \frac{9 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos{\left(w \right)}}{2} d w}}}}{2} = \frac{9 v}{2} + \frac{9 {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\cos{\left(w \right)} d w}}{2}\right)}}}{2}$$

餘弦函數的積分為 $$$\int{\cos{\left(w \right)} d w} = \sin{\left(w \right)}$$$：

$$\frac{9 v}{2} + \frac{9 {\color{red}{\int{\cos{\left(w \right)} d w}}}}{4} = \frac{9 v}{2} + \frac{9 {\color{red}{\sin{\left(w \right)}}}}{4}$$

回顧一下 $$$w=2 v$$$：

$$\frac{9 v}{2} + \frac{9 \sin{\left({\color{red}{w}} \right)}}{4} = \frac{9 v}{2} + \frac{9 \sin{\left({\color{red}{\left(2 v\right)}} \right)}}{4}$$

回顧一下 $$$v=\operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{u}{3} \right)}$$$：

$$\frac{9 \sin{\left(2 {\color{red}{v}} \right)}}{4} + \frac{9 {\color{red}{v}}}{2} = \frac{9 \sin{\left(2 {\color{red}{\operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{u}{3} \right)}}} \right)}}{4} + \frac{9 {\color{red}{\operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{u}{3} \right)}}}}{2}$$

回顧一下 $$$u=x - 3$$$：

$$\frac{9 \sin{\left(2 \operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{{\color{red}{u}}}{3} \right)} \right)}}{4} + \frac{9 \operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{{\color{red}{u}}}{3} \right)}}{2} = \frac{9 \sin{\left(2 \operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{{\color{red}{\left(x - 3\right)}}}{3} \right)} \right)}}{4} + \frac{9 \operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{{\color{red}{\left(x - 3\right)}}}{3} \right)}}{2}$$

因此，

$$\int{\sqrt{- x^{2} + 6 x} d x} = \frac{9 \sin{\left(2 \operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{x}{3} - 1 \right)} \right)}}{4} + \frac{9 \operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{x}{3} - 1 \right)}}{2}$$

使用公式 $$$\sin{\left(2 \operatorname{asin}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 2 \alpha \sqrt{1 - \alpha^{2}}$$$, $$$\sin{\left(2 \operatorname{acos}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 2 \alpha \sqrt{1 - \alpha^{2}}$$$, $$$\cos{\left(2 \operatorname{asin}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 1 - 2 \alpha^{2}$$$, $$$\cos{\left(2 \operatorname{acos}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 2 \alpha^{2} - 1$$$, $$$\sinh{\left(2 \operatorname{asinh}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 2 \alpha \sqrt{\alpha^{2} + 1}$$$, $$$\sinh{\left(2 \operatorname{acosh}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 2 \alpha \sqrt{\alpha - 1} \sqrt{\alpha + 1}$$$, $$$\cosh{\left(2 \operatorname{asinh}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 2 \alpha^{2} + 1$$$, $$$\cosh{\left(2 \operatorname{acosh}{\left(\alpha \right)} \right)} = 2 \alpha^{2} - 1$$$，化簡該表達式：

$$\int{\sqrt{- x^{2} + 6 x} d x} = \frac{9 \sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{x}{3} - 1\right)^{2}} \left(\frac{x}{3} - 1\right)}{2} + \frac{9 \operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{x}{3} - 1 \right)}}{2}$$

進一步化簡：

$$\int{\sqrt{- x^{2} + 6 x} d x} = \frac{\sqrt{9 - \left(x - 3\right)^{2}} \left(x - 3\right)}{2} + \frac{9 \operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{x}{3} - 1 \right)}}{2}$$

加上積分常數：

$$\int{\sqrt{- x^{2} + 6 x} d x} = \frac{\sqrt{9 - \left(x - 3\right)^{2}} \left(x - 3\right)}{2} + \frac{9 \operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{x}{3} - 1 \right)}}{2}+C$$

$$$\int \sqrt{- x^{2} + 6 x}\, dx = \left(\frac{\sqrt{9 - \left(x - 3\right)^{2}} \left(x - 3\right)}{2} + \frac{9 \operatorname{asin}{\left(\frac{x}{3} - 1 \right)}}{2}\right) + C$$$A