$$$\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{x + 1}}$$$ 的積分
您的輸入
求$$$\int \sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{x + 1}}\, dx$$$。
解答
已將輸入重寫為:$$$\int{\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{x + 1}} d x}=\int{\frac{\sqrt{1 - x}}{\sqrt{x + 1}} d x}$$$。
將分子與分母同時乘以 $$$\sqrt{x + 1}$$$ 並化簡:
$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sqrt{1 - x}}{\sqrt{x + 1}} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}{x + 1} d x}}}$$
令 $$$x=\sin{\left(u \right)}$$$。
則 $$$dx=\left(\sin{\left(u \right)}\right)^{\prime }du = \cos{\left(u \right)} du$$$(步驟見»)。
此外,由此可得 $$$u=\operatorname{asin}{\left(x \right)}$$$。
所以,
$$$\frac{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}{x + 1} = \frac{\sqrt{1 - \sin^{2}{\left( u \right)}}}{\sin{\left( u \right)} + 1}$$$
使用恆等式 $$$1 - \sin^{2}{\left( u \right)} = \cos^{2}{\left( u \right)}$$$:
$$$\frac{\sqrt{1 - \sin^{2}{\left( u \right)}}}{\sin{\left( u \right)} + 1}=\frac{\sqrt{\cos^{2}{\left( u \right)}}}{\sin{\left( u \right)} + 1}$$$
假設 $$$\cos{\left( u \right)} \ge 0$$$,可得如下:
$$$\frac{\sqrt{\cos^{2}{\left( u \right)}}}{\sin{\left( u \right)} + 1} = \frac{\cos{\left( u \right)}}{\sin{\left( u \right)} + 1}$$$
因此,
$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}{x + 1} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos^{2}{\left(u \right)}}{\sin{\left(u \right)} + 1} d u}}}$$
將餘弦以正弦表示,進一步改寫分子,使用平方差公式,並化簡:
$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos^{2}{\left(u \right)}}{\sin{\left(u \right)} + 1} d u}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\left(1 - \sin{\left(u \right)}\right)d u}}}$$
逐項積分:
$${\color{red}{\int{\left(1 - \sin{\left(u \right)}\right)d u}}} = {\color{red}{\left(\int{1 d u} - \int{\sin{\left(u \right)} d u}\right)}}$$
配合 $$$c=1$$$,應用常數法則 $$$\int c\, du = c u$$$:
$$- \int{\sin{\left(u \right)} d u} + {\color{red}{\int{1 d u}}} = - \int{\sin{\left(u \right)} d u} + {\color{red}{u}}$$
正弦函數的積分為 $$$\int{\sin{\left(u \right)} d u} = - \cos{\left(u \right)}$$$:
$$u - {\color{red}{\int{\sin{\left(u \right)} d u}}} = u - {\color{red}{\left(- \cos{\left(u \right)}\right)}}$$
回顧一下 $$$u=\operatorname{asin}{\left(x \right)}$$$:
$$\cos{\left({\color{red}{u}} \right)} + {\color{red}{u}} = \cos{\left({\color{red}{\operatorname{asin}{\left(x \right)}}} \right)} + {\color{red}{\operatorname{asin}{\left(x \right)}}}$$
因此,
$$\int{\frac{\sqrt{1 - x}}{\sqrt{x + 1}} d x} = \sqrt{1 - x^{2}} + \operatorname{asin}{\left(x \right)}$$
加上積分常數:
$$\int{\frac{\sqrt{1 - x}}{\sqrt{x + 1}} d x} = \sqrt{1 - x^{2}} + \operatorname{asin}{\left(x \right)}+C$$
答案
$$$\int \sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{x + 1}}\, dx = \left(\sqrt{1 - x^{2}} + \operatorname{asin}{\left(x \right)}\right) + C$$$A