$$$- \sin^{4}{\left(t \right)} + \sin^{2}{\left(t \right)}$$$ 的積分

求$$$\int \left(- \sin^{4}{\left(t \right)} + \sin^{2}{\left(t \right)}\right)\, dt$$$。

逐項積分：

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(- \sin^{4}{\left(t \right)} + \sin^{2}{\left(t \right)}\right)d t}}} = {\color{red}{\left(\int{\sin^{2}{\left(t \right)} d t} - \int{\sin^{4}{\left(t \right)} d t}\right)}}$$

套用降冪公式 $$$\sin^{2}{\left(\alpha \right)} = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{\cos{\left(2 \alpha \right)}}{2}$$$，令 $$$\alpha=t$$$:

$$- \int{\sin^{4}{\left(t \right)} d t} + {\color{red}{\int{\sin^{2}{\left(t \right)} d t}}} = - \int{\sin^{4}{\left(t \right)} d t} + {\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{1}{2} - \frac{\cos{\left(2 t \right)}}{2}\right)d t}}}$$

套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(t \right)}\, dt = c \int f{\left(t \right)}\, dt$$$，使用 $$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(t \right)} = 1 - \cos{\left(2 t \right)}$$$：

$$- \int{\sin^{4}{\left(t \right)} d t} + {\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{1}{2} - \frac{\cos{\left(2 t \right)}}{2}\right)d t}}} = - \int{\sin^{4}{\left(t \right)} d t} + {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\left(1 - \cos{\left(2 t \right)}\right)d t}}{2}\right)}}$$

逐項積分：

$$- \int{\sin^{4}{\left(t \right)} d t} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(1 - \cos{\left(2 t \right)}\right)d t}}}}{2} = - \int{\sin^{4}{\left(t \right)} d t} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\int{1 d t} - \int{\cos{\left(2 t \right)} d t}\right)}}}{2}$$

配合 $$$c=1$$$，應用常數法則 $$$\int c\, dt = c t$$$：

$$- \int{\sin^{4}{\left(t \right)} d t} - \frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 t \right)} d t}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{1 d t}}}}{2} = - \int{\sin^{4}{\left(t \right)} d t} - \frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 t \right)} d t}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{t}}}{2}$$

令 $$$u=2 t$$$。

則 $$$du=\left(2 t\right)^{\prime }dt = 2 dt$$$ (步驟見»)，並可得 $$$dt = \frac{du}{2}$$$。

該積分可改寫為

$$\frac{t}{2} - \int{\sin^{4}{\left(t \right)} d t} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\cos{\left(2 t \right)} d t}}}}{2} = \frac{t}{2} - \int{\sin^{4}{\left(t \right)} d t} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos{\left(u \right)}}{2} d u}}}}{2}$$

套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$，使用 $$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \cos{\left(u \right)}$$$：

$$\frac{t}{2} - \int{\sin^{4}{\left(t \right)} d t} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos{\left(u \right)}}{2} d u}}}}{2} = \frac{t}{2} - \int{\sin^{4}{\left(t \right)} d t} - \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\cos{\left(u \right)} d u}}{2}\right)}}}{2}$$

餘弦函數的積分為 $$$\int{\cos{\left(u \right)} d u} = \sin{\left(u \right)}$$$：

$$\frac{t}{2} - \int{\sin^{4}{\left(t \right)} d t} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\cos{\left(u \right)} d u}}}}{4} = \frac{t}{2} - \int{\sin^{4}{\left(t \right)} d t} - \frac{{\color{red}{\sin{\left(u \right)}}}}{4}$$

回顧一下 $$$u=2 t$$$：

$$\frac{t}{2} - \int{\sin^{4}{\left(t \right)} d t} - \frac{\sin{\left({\color{red}{u}} \right)}}{4} = \frac{t}{2} - \int{\sin^{4}{\left(t \right)} d t} - \frac{\sin{\left({\color{red}{\left(2 t\right)}} \right)}}{4}$$

套用降冪公式 $$$\sin^{4}{\left(\alpha \right)} = - \frac{\cos{\left(2 \alpha \right)}}{2} + \frac{\cos{\left(4 \alpha \right)}}{8} + \frac{3}{8}$$$，令 $$$\alpha=t$$$:

$$\frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin{\left(2 t \right)}}{4} - {\color{red}{\int{\sin^{4}{\left(t \right)} d t}}} = \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin{\left(2 t \right)}}{4} - {\color{red}{\int{\left(- \frac{\cos{\left(2 t \right)}}{2} + \frac{\cos{\left(4 t \right)}}{8} + \frac{3}{8}\right)d t}}}$$

套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(t \right)}\, dt = c \int f{\left(t \right)}\, dt$$$，使用 $$$c=\frac{1}{8}$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(t \right)} = - 4 \cos{\left(2 t \right)} + \cos{\left(4 t \right)} + 3$$$：

$$\frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin{\left(2 t \right)}}{4} - {\color{red}{\int{\left(- \frac{\cos{\left(2 t \right)}}{2} + \frac{\cos{\left(4 t \right)}}{8} + \frac{3}{8}\right)d t}}} = \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin{\left(2 t \right)}}{4} - {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\left(- 4 \cos{\left(2 t \right)} + \cos{\left(4 t \right)} + 3\right)d t}}{8}\right)}}$$

逐項積分：

$$\frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin{\left(2 t \right)}}{4} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(- 4 \cos{\left(2 t \right)} + \cos{\left(4 t \right)} + 3\right)d t}}}}{8} = \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin{\left(2 t \right)}}{4} - \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\int{3 d t} - \int{4 \cos{\left(2 t \right)} d t} + \int{\cos{\left(4 t \right)} d t}\right)}}}{8}$$

配合 $$$c=3$$$，應用常數法則 $$$\int c\, dt = c t$$$：

$$\frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin{\left(2 t \right)}}{4} + \frac{\int{4 \cos{\left(2 t \right)} d t}}{8} - \frac{\int{\cos{\left(4 t \right)} d t}}{8} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{3 d t}}}}{8} = \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin{\left(2 t \right)}}{4} + \frac{\int{4 \cos{\left(2 t \right)} d t}}{8} - \frac{\int{\cos{\left(4 t \right)} d t}}{8} - \frac{{\color{red}{\left(3 t\right)}}}{8}$$

套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(t \right)}\, dt = c \int f{\left(t \right)}\, dt$$$，使用 $$$c=4$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(t \right)} = \cos{\left(2 t \right)}$$$：

$$\frac{t}{8} - \frac{\sin{\left(2 t \right)}}{4} - \frac{\int{\cos{\left(4 t \right)} d t}}{8} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{4 \cos{\left(2 t \right)} d t}}}}{8} = \frac{t}{8} - \frac{\sin{\left(2 t \right)}}{4} - \frac{\int{\cos{\left(4 t \right)} d t}}{8} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(4 \int{\cos{\left(2 t \right)} d t}\right)}}}{8}$$

積分 $$$\int{\cos{\left(2 t \right)} d t}$$$ 已經計算過：

$$\int{\cos{\left(2 t \right)} d t} = \frac{\sin{\left(2 t \right)}}{2}$$

因此，

$$\frac{t}{8} - \frac{\sin{\left(2 t \right)}}{4} - \frac{\int{\cos{\left(4 t \right)} d t}}{8} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\cos{\left(2 t \right)} d t}}}}{2} = \frac{t}{8} - \frac{\sin{\left(2 t \right)}}{4} - \frac{\int{\cos{\left(4 t \right)} d t}}{8} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\frac{\sin{\left(2 t \right)}}{2}\right)}}}{2}$$

令 $$$v=4 t$$$。

則 $$$dv=\left(4 t\right)^{\prime }dt = 4 dt$$$ (步驟見»)，並可得 $$$dt = \frac{dv}{4}$$$。

該積分變為

$$\frac{t}{8} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\cos{\left(4 t \right)} d t}}}}{8} = \frac{t}{8} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos{\left(v \right)}}{4} d v}}}}{8}$$

套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(v \right)}\, dv = c \int f{\left(v \right)}\, dv$$$，使用 $$$c=\frac{1}{4}$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(v \right)} = \cos{\left(v \right)}$$$：

$$\frac{t}{8} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos{\left(v \right)}}{4} d v}}}}{8} = \frac{t}{8} - \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\cos{\left(v \right)} d v}}{4}\right)}}}{8}$$

餘弦函數的積分為 $$$\int{\cos{\left(v \right)} d v} = \sin{\left(v \right)}$$$：

$$\frac{t}{8} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\cos{\left(v \right)} d v}}}}{32} = \frac{t}{8} - \frac{{\color{red}{\sin{\left(v \right)}}}}{32}$$

回顧一下 $$$v=4 t$$$：

$$\frac{t}{8} - \frac{\sin{\left({\color{red}{v}} \right)}}{32} = \frac{t}{8} - \frac{\sin{\left({\color{red}{\left(4 t\right)}} \right)}}{32}$$

因此，

$$\int{\left(- \sin^{4}{\left(t \right)} + \sin^{2}{\left(t \right)}\right)d t} = \frac{t}{8} - \frac{\sin{\left(4 t \right)}}{32}$$

加上積分常數：

$$\int{\left(- \sin^{4}{\left(t \right)} + \sin^{2}{\left(t \right)}\right)d t} = \frac{t}{8} - \frac{\sin{\left(4 t \right)}}{32}+C$$

$$$\int \left(- \sin^{4}{\left(t \right)} + \sin^{2}{\left(t \right)}\right)\, dt = \left(\frac{t}{8} - \frac{\sin{\left(4 t \right)}}{32}\right) + C$$$A