$$$\frac{6}{1 - x^{2}}$$$ 的積分

求$$$\int \frac{6}{1 - x^{2}}\, dx$$$。

套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$，使用 $$$c=6$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \frac{1}{1 - x^{2}}$$$：

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{6}{1 - x^{2}} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\left(6 \int{\frac{1}{1 - x^{2}} d x}\right)}}$$

進行部分分式分解（步驟可見 »）:

$$6 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{1 - x^{2}} d x}}} = 6 {\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{1}{2 \left(x + 1\right)} - \frac{1}{2 \left(x - 1\right)}\right)d x}}}$$

逐項積分：

$$6 {\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{1}{2 \left(x + 1\right)} - \frac{1}{2 \left(x - 1\right)}\right)d x}}} = 6 {\color{red}{\left(- \int{\frac{1}{2 \left(x - 1\right)} d x} + \int{\frac{1}{2 \left(x + 1\right)} d x}\right)}}$$

套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$，使用 $$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \frac{1}{x + 1}$$$：

$$- 6 \int{\frac{1}{2 \left(x - 1\right)} d x} + 6 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 \left(x + 1\right)} d x}}} = - 6 \int{\frac{1}{2 \left(x - 1\right)} d x} + 6 {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\frac{1}{x + 1} d x}}{2}\right)}}$$

令 $$$u=x + 1$$$。

則 $$$du=\left(x + 1\right)^{\prime }dx = 1 dx$$$ (步驟見»)，並可得 $$$dx = du$$$。

所以，

$$- 6 \int{\frac{1}{2 \left(x - 1\right)} d x} + 3 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{x + 1} d x}}} = - 6 \int{\frac{1}{2 \left(x - 1\right)} d x} + 3 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}}$$

$$$\frac{1}{u}$$$ 的積分是 $$$\int{\frac{1}{u} d u} = \ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}$$$：

$$- 6 \int{\frac{1}{2 \left(x - 1\right)} d x} + 3 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}} = - 6 \int{\frac{1}{2 \left(x - 1\right)} d x} + 3 {\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}}}$$

回顧一下 $$$u=x + 1$$$：

$$3 \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{u}}}\right| \right)} - 6 \int{\frac{1}{2 \left(x - 1\right)} d x} = 3 \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\left(x + 1\right)}}}\right| \right)} - 6 \int{\frac{1}{2 \left(x - 1\right)} d x}$$

套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$，使用 $$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \frac{1}{x - 1}$$$：

$$3 \ln{\left(\left|{x + 1}\right| \right)} - 6 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 \left(x - 1\right)} d x}}} = 3 \ln{\left(\left|{x + 1}\right| \right)} - 6 {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\frac{1}{x - 1} d x}}{2}\right)}}$$

令 $$$u=x - 1$$$。

則 $$$du=\left(x - 1\right)^{\prime }dx = 1 dx$$$ (步驟見»)，並可得 $$$dx = du$$$。

因此，

$$3 \ln{\left(\left|{x + 1}\right| \right)} - 3 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{x - 1} d x}}} = 3 \ln{\left(\left|{x + 1}\right| \right)} - 3 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}}$$

$$$\frac{1}{u}$$$ 的積分是 $$$\int{\frac{1}{u} d u} = \ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}$$$：

$$3 \ln{\left(\left|{x + 1}\right| \right)} - 3 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}} = 3 \ln{\left(\left|{x + 1}\right| \right)} - 3 {\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}}}$$

回顧一下 $$$u=x - 1$$$：

$$3 \ln{\left(\left|{x + 1}\right| \right)} - 3 \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{u}}}\right| \right)} = 3 \ln{\left(\left|{x + 1}\right| \right)} - 3 \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\left(x - 1\right)}}}\right| \right)}$$

因此，

$$\int{\frac{6}{1 - x^{2}} d x} = - 3 \ln{\left(\left|{x - 1}\right| \right)} + 3 \ln{\left(\left|{x + 1}\right| \right)}$$

化簡：

$$\int{\frac{6}{1 - x^{2}} d x} = 3 \left(- \ln{\left(\left|{x - 1}\right| \right)} + \ln{\left(\left|{x + 1}\right| \right)}\right)$$

加上積分常數：

$$\int{\frac{6}{1 - x^{2}} d x} = 3 \left(- \ln{\left(\left|{x - 1}\right| \right)} + \ln{\left(\left|{x + 1}\right| \right)}\right)+C$$

$$$\int \frac{6}{1 - x^{2}}\, dx = 3 \left(- \ln\left(\left|{x - 1}\right|\right) + \ln\left(\left|{x + 1}\right|\right)\right) + C$$$A