$$$4 e^{- \frac{x^{2}}{2}}$$$ 的積分
您的輸入
求$$$\int 4 e^{- \frac{x^{2}}{2}}\, dx$$$。
解答
套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$,使用 $$$c=4$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(x \right)} = e^{- \frac{x^{2}}{2}}$$$:
$${\color{red}{\int{4 e^{- \frac{x^{2}}{2}} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\left(4 \int{e^{- \frac{x^{2}}{2}} d x}\right)}}$$
令 $$$u=\frac{\sqrt{2} x}{2}$$$。
則 $$$du=\left(\frac{\sqrt{2} x}{2}\right)^{\prime }dx = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} dx$$$ (步驟見»),並可得 $$$dx = \sqrt{2} du$$$。
該積分可改寫為
$$4 {\color{red}{\int{e^{- \frac{x^{2}}{2}} d x}}} = 4 {\color{red}{\int{\sqrt{2} e^{- u^{2}} d u}}}$$
套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$,使用 $$$c=\sqrt{2}$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(u \right)} = e^{- u^{2}}$$$:
$$4 {\color{red}{\int{\sqrt{2} e^{- u^{2}} d u}}} = 4 {\color{red}{\sqrt{2} \int{e^{- u^{2}} d u}}}$$
此積分(誤差函數)不存在閉式表示:
$$4 \sqrt{2} {\color{red}{\int{e^{- u^{2}} d u}}} = 4 \sqrt{2} {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{\pi} \operatorname{erf}{\left(u \right)}}{2}\right)}}$$
回顧一下 $$$u=\frac{\sqrt{2} x}{2}$$$:
$$2 \sqrt{2} \sqrt{\pi} \operatorname{erf}{\left({\color{red}{u}} \right)} = 2 \sqrt{2} \sqrt{\pi} \operatorname{erf}{\left({\color{red}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{2} x}{2}\right)}} \right)}$$
因此,
$$\int{4 e^{- \frac{x^{2}}{2}} d x} = 2 \sqrt{2} \sqrt{\pi} \operatorname{erf}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{2} x}{2} \right)}$$
加上積分常數:
$$\int{4 e^{- \frac{x^{2}}{2}} d x} = 2 \sqrt{2} \sqrt{\pi} \operatorname{erf}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{2} x}{2} \right)}+C$$
答案
$$$\int 4 e^{- \frac{x^{2}}{2}}\, dx = 2 \sqrt{2} \sqrt{\pi} \operatorname{erf}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{2} x}{2} \right)} + C$$$A