$$$\frac{3}{x - 4}$$$ 的積分

求$$$\int \frac{3}{x - 4}\, dx$$$。

套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$，使用 $$$c=3$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \frac{1}{x - 4}$$$：

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{3}{x - 4} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\left(3 \int{\frac{1}{x - 4} d x}\right)}}$$

令 $$$u=x - 4$$$。

則 $$$du=\left(x - 4\right)^{\prime }dx = 1 dx$$$ (步驟見»)，並可得 $$$dx = du$$$。

該積分變為

$$3 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{x - 4} d x}}} = 3 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}}$$

$$$\frac{1}{u}$$$ 的積分是 $$$\int{\frac{1}{u} d u} = \ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}$$$：

$$3 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}} = 3 {\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}}}$$

回顧一下 $$$u=x - 4$$$：

$$3 \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{u}}}\right| \right)} = 3 \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\left(x - 4\right)}}}\right| \right)}$$

因此，

$$\int{\frac{3}{x - 4} d x} = 3 \ln{\left(\left|{x - 4}\right| \right)}$$

加上積分常數：

$$\int{\frac{3}{x - 4} d x} = 3 \ln{\left(\left|{x - 4}\right| \right)}+C$$

$$$\int \frac{3}{x - 4}\, dx = 3 \ln\left(\left|{x - 4}\right|\right) + C$$$A