$$$\frac{\sqrt{2} r}{2 \left(- a + r\right)}$$$ 對 $$$r$$$ 的積分

求$$$\int \frac{\sqrt{2} r}{2 \left(- a + r\right)}\, dr$$$。

套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(r \right)}\, dr = c \int f{\left(r \right)}\, dr$$$，使用 $$$c=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(r \right)} = \frac{r}{- a + r}$$$：

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sqrt{2} r}{2 \left(- a + r\right)} d r}}} = {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{2} \int{\frac{r}{- a + r} d r}}{2}\right)}}$$

重寫並拆分分式:

$$\frac{\sqrt{2} {\color{red}{\int{\frac{r}{- a + r} d r}}}}{2} = \frac{\sqrt{2} {\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{a}{- a + r} + 1\right)d r}}}}{2}$$

逐項積分：

$$\frac{\sqrt{2} {\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{a}{- a + r} + 1\right)d r}}}}{2} = \frac{\sqrt{2} {\color{red}{\left(\int{1 d r} + \int{\frac{a}{- a + r} d r}\right)}}}{2}$$

配合 $$$c=1$$$，應用常數法則 $$$\int c\, dr = c r$$$：

$$\frac{\sqrt{2} \left(\int{\frac{a}{- a + r} d r} + {\color{red}{\int{1 d r}}}\right)}{2} = \frac{\sqrt{2} \left(\int{\frac{a}{- a + r} d r} + {\color{red}{r}}\right)}{2}$$

套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(r \right)}\, dr = c \int f{\left(r \right)}\, dr$$$，使用 $$$c=a$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(r \right)} = \frac{1}{- a + r}$$$：

$$\frac{\sqrt{2} \left(r + {\color{red}{\int{\frac{a}{- a + r} d r}}}\right)}{2} = \frac{\sqrt{2} \left(r + {\color{red}{a \int{\frac{1}{- a + r} d r}}}\right)}{2}$$

令 $$$u=- a + r$$$。

則 $$$du=\left(- a + r\right)^{\prime }dr = 1 dr$$$ (步驟見»)，並可得 $$$dr = du$$$。

所以，

$$\frac{\sqrt{2} \left(a {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{- a + r} d r}}} + r\right)}{2} = \frac{\sqrt{2} \left(a {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}} + r\right)}{2}$$

$$$\frac{1}{u}$$$ 的積分是 $$$\int{\frac{1}{u} d u} = \ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}$$$：

$$\frac{\sqrt{2} \left(a {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}} + r\right)}{2} = \frac{\sqrt{2} \left(a {\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}}} + r\right)}{2}$$

回顧一下 $$$u=- a + r$$$：

$$\frac{\sqrt{2} \left(a \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{u}}}\right| \right)} + r\right)}{2} = \frac{\sqrt{2} \left(a \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\left(- a + r\right)}}}\right| \right)} + r\right)}{2}$$

因此，

$$\int{\frac{\sqrt{2} r}{2 \left(- a + r\right)} d r} = \frac{\sqrt{2} \left(a \ln{\left(\left|{a - r}\right| \right)} + r\right)}{2}$$

加上積分常數：

$$\int{\frac{\sqrt{2} r}{2 \left(- a + r\right)} d r} = \frac{\sqrt{2} \left(a \ln{\left(\left|{a - r}\right| \right)} + r\right)}{2}+C$$

$$$\int \frac{\sqrt{2} r}{2 \left(- a + r\right)}\, dr = \frac{\sqrt{2} \left(a \ln\left(\left|{a - r}\right|\right) + r\right)}{2} + C$$$A