$$$\frac{\operatorname{atan}{\left(\sqrt{x} \right)}}{\sqrt{x}}$$$ 的積分
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求$$$\int \frac{\operatorname{atan}{\left(\sqrt{x} \right)}}{\sqrt{x}}\, dx$$$。
解答
令 $$$u=\sqrt{x}$$$。
則 $$$du=\left(\sqrt{x}\right)^{\prime }dx = \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{x}} dx$$$ (步驟見»),並可得 $$$\frac{dx}{\sqrt{x}} = 2 du$$$。
該積分可改寫為
$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{\operatorname{atan}{\left(\sqrt{x} \right)}}{\sqrt{x}} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{2 \operatorname{atan}{\left(u \right)} d u}}}$$
套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$,使用 $$$c=2$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \operatorname{atan}{\left(u \right)}$$$:
$${\color{red}{\int{2 \operatorname{atan}{\left(u \right)} d u}}} = {\color{red}{\left(2 \int{\operatorname{atan}{\left(u \right)} d u}\right)}}$$
對於積分 $$$\int{\operatorname{atan}{\left(u \right)} d u}$$$,使用分部積分法 $$$\int \operatorname{\kappa} \operatorname{dv} = \operatorname{\kappa}\operatorname{v} - \int \operatorname{v} \operatorname{d\kappa}$$$。
令 $$$\operatorname{\kappa}=\operatorname{atan}{\left(u \right)}$$$ 與 $$$\operatorname{dv}=du$$$。
則 $$$\operatorname{d\kappa}=\left(\operatorname{atan}{\left(u \right)}\right)^{\prime }du=\frac{du}{u^{2} + 1}$$$(步驟見 »),且 $$$\operatorname{v}=\int{1 d u}=u$$$(步驟見 »)。
該積分變為
$$2 {\color{red}{\int{\operatorname{atan}{\left(u \right)} d u}}}=2 {\color{red}{\left(\operatorname{atan}{\left(u \right)} \cdot u-\int{u \cdot \frac{1}{u^{2} + 1} d u}\right)}}=2 {\color{red}{\left(u \operatorname{atan}{\left(u \right)} - \int{\frac{u}{u^{2} + 1} d u}\right)}}$$
令 $$$v=u^{2} + 1$$$。
則 $$$dv=\left(u^{2} + 1\right)^{\prime }du = 2 u du$$$ (步驟見»),並可得 $$$u du = \frac{dv}{2}$$$。
因此,
$$2 u \operatorname{atan}{\left(u \right)} - 2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{u}{u^{2} + 1} d u}}} = 2 u \operatorname{atan}{\left(u \right)} - 2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 v} d v}}}$$
套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(v \right)}\, dv = c \int f{\left(v \right)}\, dv$$$,使用 $$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(v \right)} = \frac{1}{v}$$$:
$$2 u \operatorname{atan}{\left(u \right)} - 2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 v} d v}}} = 2 u \operatorname{atan}{\left(u \right)} - 2 {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\frac{1}{v} d v}}{2}\right)}}$$
$$$\frac{1}{v}$$$ 的積分是 $$$\int{\frac{1}{v} d v} = \ln{\left(\left|{v}\right| \right)}$$$:
$$2 u \operatorname{atan}{\left(u \right)} - {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{v} d v}}} = 2 u \operatorname{atan}{\left(u \right)} - {\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{v}\right| \right)}}}$$
回顧一下 $$$v=u^{2} + 1$$$:
$$2 u \operatorname{atan}{\left(u \right)} - \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{v}}}\right| \right)} = 2 u \operatorname{atan}{\left(u \right)} - \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\left(u^{2} + 1\right)}}}\right| \right)}$$
回顧一下 $$$u=\sqrt{x}$$$:
$$- \ln{\left(1 + {\color{red}{u}}^{2} \right)} + 2 {\color{red}{u}} \operatorname{atan}{\left({\color{red}{u}} \right)} = - \ln{\left(1 + {\color{red}{\sqrt{x}}}^{2} \right)} + 2 {\color{red}{\sqrt{x}}} \operatorname{atan}{\left({\color{red}{\sqrt{x}}} \right)}$$
因此,
$$\int{\frac{\operatorname{atan}{\left(\sqrt{x} \right)}}{\sqrt{x}} d x} = 2 \sqrt{x} \operatorname{atan}{\left(\sqrt{x} \right)} - \ln{\left(x + 1 \right)}$$
加上積分常數:
$$\int{\frac{\operatorname{atan}{\left(\sqrt{x} \right)}}{\sqrt{x}} d x} = 2 \sqrt{x} \operatorname{atan}{\left(\sqrt{x} \right)} - \ln{\left(x + 1 \right)}+C$$
答案
$$$\int \frac{\operatorname{atan}{\left(\sqrt{x} \right)}}{\sqrt{x}}\, dx = \left(2 \sqrt{x} \operatorname{atan}{\left(\sqrt{x} \right)} - \ln\left(x + 1\right)\right) + C$$$A