$$$\frac{x^{6} - 1}{x^{2} + 1}$$$ 的積分

求$$$\int \frac{x^{6} - 1}{x^{2} + 1}\, dx$$$。

由於分子次數不小於分母次數，進行多項式長除法（步驟見»）:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{x^{6} - 1}{x^{2} + 1} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\left(x^{4} - x^{2} + 1 - \frac{2}{x^{2} + 1}\right)d x}}}$$

逐項積分：

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(x^{4} - x^{2} + 1 - \frac{2}{x^{2} + 1}\right)d x}}} = {\color{red}{\left(\int{1 d x} - \int{x^{2} d x} + \int{x^{4} d x} - \int{\frac{2}{x^{2} + 1} d x}\right)}}$$

配合 $$$c=1$$$，應用常數法則 $$$\int c\, dx = c x$$$：

$$- \int{x^{2} d x} + \int{x^{4} d x} - \int{\frac{2}{x^{2} + 1} d x} + {\color{red}{\int{1 d x}}} = - \int{x^{2} d x} + \int{x^{4} d x} - \int{\frac{2}{x^{2} + 1} d x} + {\color{red}{x}}$$

套用冪次法則 $$$\int x^{n}\, dx = \frac{x^{n + 1}}{n + 1}$$$ $$$\left(n \neq -1 \right)$$$，以 $$$n=4$$$：

$$x - \int{x^{2} d x} - \int{\frac{2}{x^{2} + 1} d x} + {\color{red}{\int{x^{4} d x}}}=x - \int{x^{2} d x} - \int{\frac{2}{x^{2} + 1} d x} + {\color{red}{\frac{x^{1 + 4}}{1 + 4}}}=x - \int{x^{2} d x} - \int{\frac{2}{x^{2} + 1} d x} + {\color{red}{\left(\frac{x^{5}}{5}\right)}}$$

套用冪次法則 $$$\int x^{n}\, dx = \frac{x^{n + 1}}{n + 1}$$$ $$$\left(n \neq -1 \right)$$$，以 $$$n=2$$$：

$$\frac{x^{5}}{5} + x - \int{\frac{2}{x^{2} + 1} d x} - {\color{red}{\int{x^{2} d x}}}=\frac{x^{5}}{5} + x - \int{\frac{2}{x^{2} + 1} d x} - {\color{red}{\frac{x^{1 + 2}}{1 + 2}}}=\frac{x^{5}}{5} + x - \int{\frac{2}{x^{2} + 1} d x} - {\color{red}{\left(\frac{x^{3}}{3}\right)}}$$

套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$，使用 $$$c=2$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \frac{1}{x^{2} + 1}$$$：

$$\frac{x^{5}}{5} - \frac{x^{3}}{3} + x - {\color{red}{\int{\frac{2}{x^{2} + 1} d x}}} = \frac{x^{5}}{5} - \frac{x^{3}}{3} + x - {\color{red}{\left(2 \int{\frac{1}{x^{2} + 1} d x}\right)}}$$

$$$\frac{1}{x^{2} + 1}$$$ 的積分是 $$$\int{\frac{1}{x^{2} + 1} d x} = \operatorname{atan}{\left(x \right)}$$$：

$$\frac{x^{5}}{5} - \frac{x^{3}}{3} + x - 2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{x^{2} + 1} d x}}} = \frac{x^{5}}{5} - \frac{x^{3}}{3} + x - 2 {\color{red}{\operatorname{atan}{\left(x \right)}}}$$

因此，

$$\int{\frac{x^{6} - 1}{x^{2} + 1} d x} = \frac{x^{5}}{5} - \frac{x^{3}}{3} + x - 2 \operatorname{atan}{\left(x \right)}$$

加上積分常數：

$$\int{\frac{x^{6} - 1}{x^{2} + 1} d x} = \frac{x^{5}}{5} - \frac{x^{3}}{3} + x - 2 \operatorname{atan}{\left(x \right)}+C$$

$$$\int \frac{x^{6} - 1}{x^{2} + 1}\, dx = \left(\frac{x^{5}}{5} - \frac{x^{3}}{3} + x - 2 \operatorname{atan}{\left(x \right)}\right) + C$$$A