$$$\frac{1 - x}{x + 1}$$$ 的積分

求$$$\int \frac{1 - x}{x + 1}\, dx$$$。

令 $$$u=x + 1$$$。

則 $$$du=\left(x + 1\right)^{\prime }dx = 1 dx$$$ (步驟見»)，並可得 $$$dx = du$$$。

因此，

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{1 - x}{x + 1} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{2 - u}{u} d u}}}$$

Expand the expression:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{2 - u}{u} d u}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\left(-1 + \frac{2}{u}\right)d u}}}$$

逐項積分：

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(-1 + \frac{2}{u}\right)d u}}} = {\color{red}{\left(- \int{1 d u} + \int{\frac{2}{u} d u}\right)}}$$

配合 $$$c=1$$$，應用常數法則 $$$\int c\, du = c u$$$：

$$\int{\frac{2}{u} d u} - {\color{red}{\int{1 d u}}} = \int{\frac{2}{u} d u} - {\color{red}{u}}$$

套用常數倍法則 $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$，使用 $$$c=2$$$ 與 $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \frac{1}{u}$$$：

$$- u + {\color{red}{\int{\frac{2}{u} d u}}} = - u + {\color{red}{\left(2 \int{\frac{1}{u} d u}\right)}}$$

$$$\frac{1}{u}$$$ 的積分是 $$$\int{\frac{1}{u} d u} = \ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}$$$：

$$- u + 2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}} = - u + 2 {\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}}}$$

回顧一下 $$$u=x + 1$$$：

$$2 \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{u}}}\right| \right)} - {\color{red}{u}} = 2 \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\left(x + 1\right)}}}\right| \right)} - {\color{red}{\left(x + 1\right)}}$$

因此，

$$\int{\frac{1 - x}{x + 1} d x} = - x + 2 \ln{\left(\left|{x + 1}\right| \right)} - 1$$

加上積分常數（並從表達式中移除常數項）：

$$\int{\frac{1 - x}{x + 1} d x} = - x + 2 \ln{\left(\left|{x + 1}\right| \right)}+C$$

$$$\int \frac{1 - x}{x + 1}\, dx = \left(- x + 2 \ln\left(\left|{x + 1}\right|\right)\right) + C$$$A