$$$\frac{1}{e^{x} + 1}$$$ 的积分

求$$$\int \frac{1}{e^{x} + 1}\, dx$$$。

设$$$u=e^{x}$$$。

则$$$du=\left(e^{x}\right)^{\prime }dx = e^{x} dx$$$ (步骤见»)，并有$$$e^{x} dx = du$$$。

因此，

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{e^{x} + 1} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u \left(u + 1\right)} d u}}}$$

进行部分分式分解（步骤可见»）:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u \left(u + 1\right)} d u}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\left(- \frac{1}{u + 1} + \frac{1}{u}\right)d u}}}$$

逐项积分：

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(- \frac{1}{u + 1} + \frac{1}{u}\right)d u}}} = {\color{red}{\left(\int{\frac{1}{u} d u} - \int{\frac{1}{u + 1} d u}\right)}}$$

$$$\frac{1}{u}$$$ 的积分为 $$$\int{\frac{1}{u} d u} = \ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}$$$:

$$- \int{\frac{1}{u + 1} d u} + {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}} = - \int{\frac{1}{u + 1} d u} + {\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}}}$$

设$$$v=u + 1$$$。

则$$$dv=\left(u + 1\right)^{\prime }du = 1 du$$$ (步骤见»)，并有$$$du = dv$$$。

该积分可以改写为

$$\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)} - {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u + 1} d u}}} = \ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)} - {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{v} d v}}}$$

$$$\frac{1}{v}$$$ 的积分为 $$$\int{\frac{1}{v} d v} = \ln{\left(\left|{v}\right| \right)}$$$:

$$\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)} - {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{v} d v}}} = \ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)} - {\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{v}\right| \right)}}}$$

回忆一下 $$$v=u + 1$$$:

$$\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)} - \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{v}}}\right| \right)} = \ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)} - \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\left(u + 1\right)}}}\right| \right)}$$

回忆一下 $$$u=e^{x}$$$:

$$- \ln{\left(\left|{1 + {\color{red}{u}}}\right| \right)} + \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{u}}}\right| \right)} = - \ln{\left(\left|{1 + {\color{red}{e^{x}}}}\right| \right)} + \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{e^{x}}}}\right| \right)}$$

因此，

$$\int{\frac{1}{e^{x} + 1} d x} = x - \ln{\left(e^{x} + 1 \right)}$$

加上积分常数：

$$\int{\frac{1}{e^{x} + 1} d x} = x - \ln{\left(e^{x} + 1 \right)}+C$$

$$$\int \frac{1}{e^{x} + 1}\, dx = \left(x - \ln\left(e^{x} + 1\right)\right) + C$$$A