$$$x \ln\left(x + 1\right)$$$ 的积分

求$$$\int x \ln\left(x + 1\right)\, dx$$$。

对于积分$$$\int{x \ln{\left(x + 1 \right)} d x}$$$，使用分部积分法$$$\int \operatorname{u} \operatorname{dv} = \operatorname{u}\operatorname{v} - \int \operatorname{v} \operatorname{du}$$$。

设 $$$\operatorname{u}=\ln{\left(x + 1 \right)}$$$ 和 $$$\operatorname{dv}=x dx$$$。

则 $$$\operatorname{du}=\left(\ln{\left(x + 1 \right)}\right)^{\prime }dx=\frac{dx}{x + 1}$$$ (步骤见 »)，并且 $$$\operatorname{v}=\int{x d x}=\frac{x^{2}}{2}$$$ (步骤见 »)。

积分变为

$${\color{red}{\int{x \ln{\left(x + 1 \right)} d x}}}={\color{red}{\left(\ln{\left(x + 1 \right)} \cdot \frac{x^{2}}{2}-\int{\frac{x^{2}}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{x + 1} d x}\right)}}={\color{red}{\left(\frac{x^{2} \ln{\left(x + 1 \right)}}{2} - \int{\frac{x^{2}}{2 x + 2} d x}\right)}}$$

化简被积函数:

$$\frac{x^{2} \ln{\left(x + 1 \right)}}{2} - {\color{red}{\int{\frac{x^{2}}{2 x + 2} d x}}} = \frac{x^{2} \ln{\left(x + 1 \right)}}{2} - {\color{red}{\int{\frac{x^{2}}{2 \left(x + 1\right)} d x}}}$$

对 $$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ 和 $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \frac{x^{2}}{x + 1}$$$ 应用常数倍法则 $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$：

$$\frac{x^{2} \ln{\left(x + 1 \right)}}{2} - {\color{red}{\int{\frac{x^{2}}{2 \left(x + 1\right)} d x}}} = \frac{x^{2} \ln{\left(x + 1 \right)}}{2} - {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\frac{x^{2}}{x + 1} d x}}{2}\right)}}$$

由于分子次数不小于分母次数，进行多项式长除法（步骤见»）:

$$\frac{x^{2} \ln{\left(x + 1 \right)}}{2} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{x^{2}}{x + 1} d x}}}}{2} = \frac{x^{2} \ln{\left(x + 1 \right)}}{2} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(x - 1 + \frac{1}{x + 1}\right)d x}}}}{2}$$

逐项积分：

$$\frac{x^{2} \ln{\left(x + 1 \right)}}{2} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(x - 1 + \frac{1}{x + 1}\right)d x}}}}{2} = \frac{x^{2} \ln{\left(x + 1 \right)}}{2} - \frac{{\color{red}{\left(- \int{1 d x} + \int{x d x} + \int{\frac{1}{x + 1} d x}\right)}}}{2}$$

应用常数法则 $$$\int c\, dx = c x$$$，使用 $$$c=1$$$：

$$\frac{x^{2} \ln{\left(x + 1 \right)}}{2} - \frac{\int{x d x}}{2} - \frac{\int{\frac{1}{x + 1} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{1 d x}}}}{2} = \frac{x^{2} \ln{\left(x + 1 \right)}}{2} - \frac{\int{x d x}}{2} - \frac{\int{\frac{1}{x + 1} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{x}}}{2}$$

应用幂法则 $$$\int x^{n}\, dx = \frac{x^{n + 1}}{n + 1}$$$ $$$\left(n \neq -1 \right)$$$，其中 $$$n=1$$$：

$$\frac{x^{2} \ln{\left(x + 1 \right)}}{2} + \frac{x}{2} - \frac{\int{\frac{1}{x + 1} d x}}{2} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{x d x}}}}{2}=\frac{x^{2} \ln{\left(x + 1 \right)}}{2} + \frac{x}{2} - \frac{\int{\frac{1}{x + 1} d x}}{2} - \frac{{\color{red}{\frac{x^{1 + 1}}{1 + 1}}}}{2}=\frac{x^{2} \ln{\left(x + 1 \right)}}{2} + \frac{x}{2} - \frac{\int{\frac{1}{x + 1} d x}}{2} - \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\frac{x^{2}}{2}\right)}}}{2}$$

设$$$u=x + 1$$$。

则$$$du=\left(x + 1\right)^{\prime }dx = 1 dx$$$ (步骤见»)，并有$$$dx = du$$$。

积分变为

$$\frac{x^{2} \ln{\left(x + 1 \right)}}{2} - \frac{x^{2}}{4} + \frac{x}{2} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{x + 1} d x}}}}{2} = \frac{x^{2} \ln{\left(x + 1 \right)}}{2} - \frac{x^{2}}{4} + \frac{x}{2} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}}}{2}$$

$$$\frac{1}{u}$$$ 的积分为 $$$\int{\frac{1}{u} d u} = \ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{x^{2} \ln{\left(x + 1 \right)}}{2} - \frac{x^{2}}{4} + \frac{x}{2} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}}}{2} = \frac{x^{2} \ln{\left(x + 1 \right)}}{2} - \frac{x^{2}}{4} + \frac{x}{2} - \frac{{\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}}}}{2}$$

回忆一下 $$$u=x + 1$$$:

$$\frac{x^{2} \ln{\left(x + 1 \right)}}{2} - \frac{x^{2}}{4} + \frac{x}{2} - \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{u}}}\right| \right)}}{2} = \frac{x^{2} \ln{\left(x + 1 \right)}}{2} - \frac{x^{2}}{4} + \frac{x}{2} - \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\left(x + 1\right)}}}\right| \right)}}{2}$$

因此，

$$\int{x \ln{\left(x + 1 \right)} d x} = \frac{x^{2} \ln{\left(x + 1 \right)}}{2} - \frac{x^{2}}{4} + \frac{x}{2} - \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{x + 1}\right| \right)}}{2}$$

加上积分常数：

$$\int{x \ln{\left(x + 1 \right)} d x} = \frac{x^{2} \ln{\left(x + 1 \right)}}{2} - \frac{x^{2}}{4} + \frac{x}{2} - \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{x + 1}\right| \right)}}{2}+C$$

$$$\int x \ln\left(x + 1\right)\, dx = \left(\frac{x^{2} \ln\left(x + 1\right)}{2} - \frac{x^{2}}{4} + \frac{x}{2} - \frac{\ln\left(\left|{x + 1}\right|\right)}{2}\right) + C$$$A