$$$\frac{\sqrt{4 x^{2} - 25}}{x}$$$ 的积分
您的输入
求$$$\int \frac{\sqrt{4 x^{2} - 25}}{x}\, dx$$$。
解答
设$$$x=\frac{5 \cosh{\left(u \right)}}{2}$$$。
则$$$dx=\left(\frac{5 \cosh{\left(u \right)}}{2}\right)^{\prime }du = \frac{5 \sinh{\left(u \right)}}{2} du$$$(步骤见»)。
此外,可得$$$u=\operatorname{acosh}{\left(\frac{2 x}{5} \right)}$$$。
因此,
$$$\frac{\sqrt{4 x^{2} - 25}}{x} = \frac{2 \sqrt{25 \cosh^{2}{\left( u \right)} - 25}}{5 \cosh{\left( u \right)}}$$$
利用恒等式 $$$\cosh^{2}{\left( u \right)} - 1 = \sinh^{2}{\left( u \right)}$$$:
$$$\frac{2 \sqrt{25 \cosh^{2}{\left( u \right)} - 25}}{5 \cosh{\left( u \right)}}=\frac{2 \sqrt{\cosh^{2}{\left( u \right)} - 1}}{\cosh{\left( u \right)}}=\frac{2 \sqrt{\sinh^{2}{\left( u \right)}}}{\cosh{\left( u \right)}}$$$
假设$$$\sinh{\left( u \right)} \ge 0$$$,我们得到如下结果:
$$$\frac{2 \sqrt{\sinh^{2}{\left( u \right)}}}{\cosh{\left( u \right)}} = \frac{2 \sinh{\left( u \right)}}{\cosh{\left( u \right)}}$$$
积分可以改写为
$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sqrt{4 x^{2} - 25}}{x} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{5 \sinh^{2}{\left(u \right)}}{\cosh{\left(u \right)}} d u}}}$$
对 $$$c=5$$$ 和 $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \frac{\sinh^{2}{\left(u \right)}}{\cosh{\left(u \right)}}$$$ 应用常数倍法则 $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$:
$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{5 \sinh^{2}{\left(u \right)}}{\cosh{\left(u \right)}} d u}}} = {\color{red}{\left(5 \int{\frac{\sinh^{2}{\left(u \right)}}{\cosh{\left(u \right)}} d u}\right)}}$$
将分子和分母同乘以一个双曲余弦,并使用公式 $$$\cosh^2\left(\alpha \right)=\sinh^2\left(\alpha \right)+1$$$(其中 $$$\alpha= u $$$),把其余全部用双曲正弦表示。:
$$5 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sinh^{2}{\left(u \right)}}{\cosh{\left(u \right)}} d u}}} = 5 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sinh^{2}{\left(u \right)} \cosh{\left(u \right)}}{\sinh^{2}{\left(u \right)} + 1} d u}}}$$
设$$$v=\sinh{\left(u \right)}$$$。
则$$$dv=\left(\sinh{\left(u \right)}\right)^{\prime }du = \cosh{\left(u \right)} du$$$ (步骤见»),并有$$$\cosh{\left(u \right)} du = dv$$$。
所以,
$$5 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sinh^{2}{\left(u \right)} \cosh{\left(u \right)}}{\sinh^{2}{\left(u \right)} + 1} d u}}} = 5 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{v^{2}}{v^{2} + 1} d v}}}$$
改写并拆分该分式:
$$5 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{v^{2}}{v^{2} + 1} d v}}} = 5 {\color{red}{\int{\left(1 - \frac{1}{v^{2} + 1}\right)d v}}}$$
逐项积分:
$$5 {\color{red}{\int{\left(1 - \frac{1}{v^{2} + 1}\right)d v}}} = 5 {\color{red}{\left(\int{1 d v} - \int{\frac{1}{v^{2} + 1} d v}\right)}}$$
应用常数法则 $$$\int c\, dv = c v$$$,使用 $$$c=1$$$:
$$- 5 \int{\frac{1}{v^{2} + 1} d v} + 5 {\color{red}{\int{1 d v}}} = - 5 \int{\frac{1}{v^{2} + 1} d v} + 5 {\color{red}{v}}$$
$$$\frac{1}{v^{2} + 1}$$$ 的积分为 $$$\int{\frac{1}{v^{2} + 1} d v} = \operatorname{atan}{\left(v \right)}$$$:
$$5 v - 5 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{v^{2} + 1} d v}}} = 5 v - 5 {\color{red}{\operatorname{atan}{\left(v \right)}}}$$
回忆一下 $$$v=\sinh{\left(u \right)}$$$:
$$- 5 \operatorname{atan}{\left({\color{red}{v}} \right)} + 5 {\color{red}{v}} = - 5 \operatorname{atan}{\left({\color{red}{\sinh{\left(u \right)}}} \right)} + 5 {\color{red}{\sinh{\left(u \right)}}}$$
回忆一下 $$$u=\operatorname{acosh}{\left(\frac{2 x}{5} \right)}$$$:
$$5 \sinh{\left({\color{red}{u}} \right)} - 5 \operatorname{atan}{\left(\sinh{\left({\color{red}{u}} \right)} \right)} = 5 \sinh{\left({\color{red}{\operatorname{acosh}{\left(\frac{2 x}{5} \right)}}} \right)} - 5 \operatorname{atan}{\left(\sinh{\left({\color{red}{\operatorname{acosh}{\left(\frac{2 x}{5} \right)}}} \right)} \right)}$$
因此,
$$\int{\frac{\sqrt{4 x^{2} - 25}}{x} d x} = 5 \sqrt{\frac{2 x}{5} - 1} \sqrt{\frac{2 x}{5} + 1} - 5 \operatorname{atan}{\left(\sqrt{\frac{2 x}{5} - 1} \sqrt{\frac{2 x}{5} + 1} \right)}$$
化简:
$$\int{\frac{\sqrt{4 x^{2} - 25}}{x} d x} = \sqrt{2 x - 5} \sqrt{2 x + 5} - 5 \operatorname{atan}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{2 x - 5} \sqrt{2 x + 5}}{5} \right)}$$
加上积分常数:
$$\int{\frac{\sqrt{4 x^{2} - 25}}{x} d x} = \sqrt{2 x - 5} \sqrt{2 x + 5} - 5 \operatorname{atan}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{2 x - 5} \sqrt{2 x + 5}}{5} \right)}+C$$
答案
$$$\int \frac{\sqrt{4 x^{2} - 25}}{x}\, dx = \left(\sqrt{2 x - 5} \sqrt{2 x + 5} - 5 \operatorname{atan}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{2 x - 5} \sqrt{2 x + 5}}{5} \right)}\right) + C$$$A