$$$\sin{\left(x \right)} \sin{\left(2 x \right)} \sin{\left(3 x \right)}$$$ 的积分

求$$$\int \sin{\left(x \right)} \sin{\left(2 x \right)} \sin{\left(3 x \right)}\, dx$$$。

使用公式 $$$\sin\left(\alpha \right)\sin\left(\beta \right)=\frac{1}{2} \cos\left(\alpha-\beta \right)-\frac{1}{2} \cos\left(\alpha+\beta \right)$$$，取 $$$\alpha=x$$$ 和 $$$\beta=2 x$$$，将 $$$\sin\left(x \right)\sin\left(2 x \right)$$$ 重写:

$${\color{red}{\int{\sin{\left(x \right)} \sin{\left(2 x \right)} \sin{\left(3 x \right)} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{\cos{\left(x \right)}}{2} - \frac{\cos{\left(3 x \right)}}{2}\right) \sin{\left(3 x \right)} d x}}}$$

展开该表达式:

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{\cos{\left(x \right)}}{2} - \frac{\cos{\left(3 x \right)}}{2}\right) \sin{\left(3 x \right)} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)}}{2} - \frac{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)}}{2}\right)d x}}}$$

对 $$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ 和 $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} - \sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)}$$$ 应用常数倍法则 $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$：

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)}}{2} - \frac{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)}}{2}\right)d x}}} = {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\left(\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} - \sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)}\right)d x}}{2}\right)}}$$

逐项积分：

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} - \sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)}\right)d x}}}}{2} = \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\int{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} d x} - \int{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)} d x}\right)}}}{2}$$

使用公式 $$$\sin\left(\alpha \right)\cos\left(\beta \right)=\frac{1}{2} \sin\left(\alpha-\beta \right)+\frac{1}{2} \sin\left(\alpha+\beta \right)$$$ 并结合 $$$\alpha=3 x$$$ 和 $$$\beta=x$$$ 重写被积函数:

$$- \frac{\int{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} d x}}}}{2} = - \frac{\int{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{\sin{\left(2 x \right)}}{2} + \frac{\sin{\left(4 x \right)}}{2}\right)d x}}}}{2}$$

对 $$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ 和 $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \sin{\left(2 x \right)} + \sin{\left(4 x \right)}$$$ 应用常数倍法则 $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$：

$$- \frac{\int{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{\sin{\left(2 x \right)}}{2} + \frac{\sin{\left(4 x \right)}}{2}\right)d x}}}}{2} = - \frac{\int{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\left(\sin{\left(2 x \right)} + \sin{\left(4 x \right)}\right)d x}}{2}\right)}}}{2}$$

逐项积分：

$$- \frac{\int{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(\sin{\left(2 x \right)} + \sin{\left(4 x \right)}\right)d x}}}}{4} = - \frac{\int{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\int{\sin{\left(2 x \right)} d x} + \int{\sin{\left(4 x \right)} d x}\right)}}}{4}$$

设$$$u=2 x$$$。

则$$$du=\left(2 x\right)^{\prime }dx = 2 dx$$$ (步骤见»)，并有$$$dx = \frac{du}{2}$$$。

该积分可以改写为

$$- \frac{\int{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{\int{\sin{\left(4 x \right)} d x}}{4} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\sin{\left(2 x \right)} d x}}}}{4} = - \frac{\int{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{\int{\sin{\left(4 x \right)} d x}}{4} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sin{\left(u \right)}}{2} d u}}}}{4}$$

对 $$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ 和 $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \sin{\left(u \right)}$$$ 应用常数倍法则 $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$：

$$- \frac{\int{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{\int{\sin{\left(4 x \right)} d x}}{4} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sin{\left(u \right)}}{2} d u}}}}{4} = - \frac{\int{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{\int{\sin{\left(4 x \right)} d x}}{4} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\sin{\left(u \right)} d u}}{2}\right)}}}{4}$$

正弦函数的积分为 $$$\int{\sin{\left(u \right)} d u} = - \cos{\left(u \right)}$$$:

$$- \frac{\int{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{\int{\sin{\left(4 x \right)} d x}}{4} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\sin{\left(u \right)} d u}}}}{8} = - \frac{\int{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{\int{\sin{\left(4 x \right)} d x}}{4} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(- \cos{\left(u \right)}\right)}}}{8}$$

回忆一下 $$$u=2 x$$$:

$$- \frac{\int{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{\int{\sin{\left(4 x \right)} d x}}{4} - \frac{\cos{\left({\color{red}{u}} \right)}}{8} = - \frac{\int{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{\int{\sin{\left(4 x \right)} d x}}{4} - \frac{\cos{\left({\color{red}{\left(2 x\right)}} \right)}}{8}$$

设$$$u=4 x$$$。

则$$$du=\left(4 x\right)^{\prime }dx = 4 dx$$$ (步骤见»)，并有$$$dx = \frac{du}{4}$$$。

所以，

$$- \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{8} - \frac{\int{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\sin{\left(4 x \right)} d x}}}}{4} = - \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{8} - \frac{\int{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sin{\left(u \right)}}{4} d u}}}}{4}$$

对 $$$c=\frac{1}{4}$$$ 和 $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \sin{\left(u \right)}$$$ 应用常数倍法则 $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$：

$$- \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{8} - \frac{\int{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sin{\left(u \right)}}{4} d u}}}}{4} = - \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{8} - \frac{\int{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\sin{\left(u \right)} d u}}{4}\right)}}}{4}$$

正弦函数的积分为 $$$\int{\sin{\left(u \right)} d u} = - \cos{\left(u \right)}$$$:

$$- \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{8} - \frac{\int{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\sin{\left(u \right)} d u}}}}{16} = - \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{8} - \frac{\int{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(- \cos{\left(u \right)}\right)}}}{16}$$

回忆一下 $$$u=4 x$$$:

$$- \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{8} - \frac{\int{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)} d x}}{2} - \frac{\cos{\left({\color{red}{u}} \right)}}{16} = - \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{8} - \frac{\int{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)} d x}}{2} - \frac{\cos{\left({\color{red}{\left(4 x\right)}} \right)}}{16}$$

设$$$u=\sin{\left(3 x \right)}$$$。

则$$$du=\left(\sin{\left(3 x \right)}\right)^{\prime }dx = 3 \cos{\left(3 x \right)} dx$$$ (步骤见»)，并有$$$\cos{\left(3 x \right)} dx = \frac{du}{3}$$$。

该积分可以改写为

$$- \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{8} - \frac{\cos{\left(4 x \right)}}{16} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\sin{\left(3 x \right)} \cos{\left(3 x \right)} d x}}}}{2} = - \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{8} - \frac{\cos{\left(4 x \right)}}{16} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{u}{3} d u}}}}{2}$$

对 $$$c=\frac{1}{3}$$$ 和 $$$f{\left(u \right)} = u$$$ 应用常数倍法则 $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$：

$$- \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{8} - \frac{\cos{\left(4 x \right)}}{16} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{u}{3} d u}}}}{2} = - \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{8} - \frac{\cos{\left(4 x \right)}}{16} - \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{u d u}}{3}\right)}}}{2}$$

应用幂法则 $$$\int u^{n}\, du = \frac{u^{n + 1}}{n + 1}$$$ $$$\left(n \neq -1 \right)$$$，其中 $$$n=1$$$：

$$- \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{8} - \frac{\cos{\left(4 x \right)}}{16} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{u d u}}}}{6}=- \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{8} - \frac{\cos{\left(4 x \right)}}{16} - \frac{{\color{red}{\frac{u^{1 + 1}}{1 + 1}}}}{6}=- \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{8} - \frac{\cos{\left(4 x \right)}}{16} - \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\frac{u^{2}}{2}\right)}}}{6}$$

回忆一下 $$$u=\sin{\left(3 x \right)}$$$:

$$- \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{8} - \frac{\cos{\left(4 x \right)}}{16} - \frac{{\color{red}{u}}^{2}}{12} = - \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{8} - \frac{\cos{\left(4 x \right)}}{16} - \frac{{\color{red}{\sin{\left(3 x \right)}}}^{2}}{12}$$

因此，

$$\int{\sin{\left(x \right)} \sin{\left(2 x \right)} \sin{\left(3 x \right)} d x} = - \frac{\sin^{2}{\left(3 x \right)}}{12} - \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{8} - \frac{\cos{\left(4 x \right)}}{16}$$

加上积分常数：

$$\int{\sin{\left(x \right)} \sin{\left(2 x \right)} \sin{\left(3 x \right)} d x} = - \frac{\sin^{2}{\left(3 x \right)}}{12} - \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{8} - \frac{\cos{\left(4 x \right)}}{16}+C$$

$$$\int \sin{\left(x \right)} \sin{\left(2 x \right)} \sin{\left(3 x \right)}\, dx = \left(- \frac{\sin^{2}{\left(3 x \right)}}{12} - \frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{8} - \frac{\cos{\left(4 x \right)}}{16}\right) + C$$$A