$$$\sin{\left(3 x^{2} \right)}$$$ 的积分

求$$$\int \sin{\left(3 x^{2} \right)}\, dx$$$。

设$$$u=\sqrt{3} x$$$。

则$$$du=\left(\sqrt{3} x\right)^{\prime }dx = \sqrt{3} dx$$$ (步骤见»)，并有$$$dx = \frac{\sqrt{3} du}{3}$$$。

积分变为

$${\color{red}{\int{\sin{\left(3 x^{2} \right)} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sqrt{3} \sin{\left(u^{2} \right)}}{3} d u}}}$$

对 $$$c=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$$$ 和 $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \sin{\left(u^{2} \right)}$$$ 应用常数倍法则 $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$：

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sqrt{3} \sin{\left(u^{2} \right)}}{3} d u}}} = {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{3} \int{\sin{\left(u^{2} \right)} d u}}{3}\right)}}$$

该积分（菲涅耳正弦积分）没有闭式表达式：

$$\frac{\sqrt{3} {\color{red}{\int{\sin{\left(u^{2} \right)} d u}}}}{3} = \frac{\sqrt{3} {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{2} \sqrt{\pi} S\left(\frac{\sqrt{2} u}{\sqrt{\pi}}\right)}{2}\right)}}}{3}$$

回忆一下 $$$u=\sqrt{3} x$$$:

$$\frac{\sqrt{6} \sqrt{\pi} S\left(\frac{\sqrt{2} {\color{red}{u}}}{\sqrt{\pi}}\right)}{6} = \frac{\sqrt{6} \sqrt{\pi} S\left(\frac{\sqrt{2} {\color{red}{\sqrt{3} x}}}{\sqrt{\pi}}\right)}{6}$$

因此，

$$\int{\sin{\left(3 x^{2} \right)} d x} = \frac{\sqrt{6} \sqrt{\pi} S\left(\frac{\sqrt{6} x}{\sqrt{\pi}}\right)}{6}$$

加上积分常数：

$$\int{\sin{\left(3 x^{2} \right)} d x} = \frac{\sqrt{6} \sqrt{\pi} S\left(\frac{\sqrt{6} x}{\sqrt{\pi}}\right)}{6}+C$$

$$$\int \sin{\left(3 x^{2} \right)}\, dx = \frac{\sqrt{6} \sqrt{\pi} S\left(\frac{\sqrt{6} x}{\sqrt{\pi}}\right)}{6} + C$$$A