$$$\sin^{2}{\left(2 x \right)} \cot^{3}{\left(2 x \right)}$$$ 的积分

求$$$\int \sin^{2}{\left(2 x \right)} \cot^{3}{\left(2 x \right)}\, dx$$$。

改写被积函数:

$${\color{red}{\int{\sin^{2}{\left(2 x \right)} \cot^{3}{\left(2 x \right)} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos^{3}{\left(2 x \right)}}{\sin{\left(2 x \right)}} d x}}}$$

将分子和分母同乘以一个正弦因子，并将其余部分都用余弦表示，使用公式$$$\sin^2\left(\alpha \right)=-\cos^2\left(\alpha \right)+1$$$，其中 $$$\alpha=2 x$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos^{3}{\left(2 x \right)}}{\sin{\left(2 x \right)}} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sin{\left(2 x \right)} \cos^{3}{\left(2 x \right)}}{1 - \cos^{2}{\left(2 x \right)}} d x}}}$$

设$$$u=\cos{\left(2 x \right)}$$$。

则$$$du=\left(\cos{\left(2 x \right)}\right)^{\prime }dx = - 2 \sin{\left(2 x \right)} dx$$$ (步骤见»)，并有$$$\sin{\left(2 x \right)} dx = - \frac{du}{2}$$$。

积分变为

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sin{\left(2 x \right)} \cos^{3}{\left(2 x \right)}}{1 - \cos^{2}{\left(2 x \right)}} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\left(- \frac{u^{3}}{2 \left(1 - u^{2}\right)}\right)d u}}}$$

对 $$$c=- \frac{1}{2}$$$ 和 $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \frac{u^{3}}{1 - u^{2}}$$$ 应用常数倍法则 $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$：

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(- \frac{u^{3}}{2 \left(1 - u^{2}\right)}\right)d u}}} = {\color{red}{\left(- \frac{\int{\frac{u^{3}}{1 - u^{2}} d u}}{2}\right)}}$$

由于分子次数不小于分母次数，进行多项式长除法（步骤见»）:

$$- \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{u^{3}}{1 - u^{2}} d u}}}}{2} = - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(- u + \frac{u}{1 - u^{2}}\right)d u}}}}{2}$$

逐项积分：

$$- \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(- u + \frac{u}{1 - u^{2}}\right)d u}}}}{2} = - \frac{{\color{red}{\left(- \int{u d u} + \int{\frac{u}{1 - u^{2}} d u}\right)}}}{2}$$

应用幂法则 $$$\int u^{n}\, du = \frac{u^{n + 1}}{n + 1}$$$ $$$\left(n \neq -1 \right)$$$，其中 $$$n=1$$$：

$$- \frac{\int{\frac{u}{1 - u^{2}} d u}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{u d u}}}}{2}=- \frac{\int{\frac{u}{1 - u^{2}} d u}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\frac{u^{1 + 1}}{1 + 1}}}}{2}=- \frac{\int{\frac{u}{1 - u^{2}} d u}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\frac{u^{2}}{2}\right)}}}{2}$$

设$$$v=1 - u^{2}$$$。

则$$$dv=\left(1 - u^{2}\right)^{\prime }du = - 2 u du$$$ (步骤见»)，并有$$$u du = - \frac{dv}{2}$$$。

积分变为

$$\frac{u^{2}}{4} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{u}{1 - u^{2}} d u}}}}{2} = \frac{u^{2}}{4} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(- \frac{1}{2 v}\right)d v}}}}{2}$$

对 $$$c=- \frac{1}{2}$$$ 和 $$$f{\left(v \right)} = \frac{1}{v}$$$ 应用常数倍法则 $$$\int c f{\left(v \right)}\, dv = c \int f{\left(v \right)}\, dv$$$：

$$\frac{u^{2}}{4} - \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(- \frac{1}{2 v}\right)d v}}}}{2} = \frac{u^{2}}{4} - \frac{{\color{red}{\left(- \frac{\int{\frac{1}{v} d v}}{2}\right)}}}{2}$$

$$$\frac{1}{v}$$$ 的积分为 $$$\int{\frac{1}{v} d v} = \ln{\left(\left|{v}\right| \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{u^{2}}{4} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{v} d v}}}}{4} = \frac{u^{2}}{4} + \frac{{\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{v}\right| \right)}}}}{4}$$

回忆一下 $$$v=1 - u^{2}$$$:

$$\frac{u^{2}}{4} + \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{v}}}\right| \right)}}{4} = \frac{u^{2}}{4} + \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\left(1 - u^{2}\right)}}}\right| \right)}}{4}$$

回忆一下 $$$u=\cos{\left(2 x \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{\ln{\left(\left|{-1 + {\color{red}{u}}^{2}}\right| \right)}}{4} + \frac{{\color{red}{u}}^{2}}{4} = \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{-1 + {\color{red}{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}}^{2}}\right| \right)}}{4} + \frac{{\color{red}{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}}^{2}}{4}$$

因此，

$$\int{\sin^{2}{\left(2 x \right)} \cot^{3}{\left(2 x \right)} d x} = \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{\cos^{2}{\left(2 x \right)} - 1}\right| \right)}}{4} + \frac{\cos^{2}{\left(2 x \right)}}{4}$$

加上积分常数：

$$\int{\sin^{2}{\left(2 x \right)} \cot^{3}{\left(2 x \right)} d x} = \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{\cos^{2}{\left(2 x \right)} - 1}\right| \right)}}{4} + \frac{\cos^{2}{\left(2 x \right)}}{4}+C$$

$$$\int \sin^{2}{\left(2 x \right)} \cot^{3}{\left(2 x \right)}\, dx = \left(\frac{\ln\left(\left|{\cos^{2}{\left(2 x \right)} - 1}\right|\right)}{4} + \frac{\cos^{2}{\left(2 x \right)}}{4}\right) + C$$$A