$$$\frac{2}{x^{2} \left(1 - x\right)}$$$ 的积分

求$$$\int \frac{2}{x^{2} \left(1 - x\right)}\, dx$$$。

对 $$$c=2$$$ 和 $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \frac{1}{x^{2} \left(1 - x\right)}$$$ 应用常数倍法则 $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$：

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{2}{x^{2} \left(1 - x\right)} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\left(2 \int{\frac{1}{x^{2} \left(1 - x\right)} d x}\right)}}$$

进行部分分式分解（步骤可见»）:

$$2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{x^{2} \left(1 - x\right)} d x}}} = 2 {\color{red}{\int{\left(- \frac{1}{x - 1} + \frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{x^{2}}\right)d x}}}$$

逐项积分：

$$2 {\color{red}{\int{\left(- \frac{1}{x - 1} + \frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{x^{2}}\right)d x}}} = 2 {\color{red}{\left(\int{\frac{1}{x^{2}} d x} + \int{\frac{1}{x} d x} - \int{\frac{1}{x - 1} d x}\right)}}$$

$$$\frac{1}{x}$$$ 的积分为 $$$\int{\frac{1}{x} d x} = \ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)}$$$:

$$2 \int{\frac{1}{x^{2}} d x} - 2 \int{\frac{1}{x - 1} d x} + 2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{x} d x}}} = 2 \int{\frac{1}{x^{2}} d x} - 2 \int{\frac{1}{x - 1} d x} + 2 {\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)}}}$$

应用幂法则 $$$\int x^{n}\, dx = \frac{x^{n + 1}}{n + 1}$$$ $$$\left(n \neq -1 \right)$$$，其中 $$$n=-2$$$：

$$2 \ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)} - 2 \int{\frac{1}{x - 1} d x} + 2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{x^{2}} d x}}}=2 \ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)} - 2 \int{\frac{1}{x - 1} d x} + 2 {\color{red}{\int{x^{-2} d x}}}=2 \ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)} - 2 \int{\frac{1}{x - 1} d x} + 2 {\color{red}{\frac{x^{-2 + 1}}{-2 + 1}}}=2 \ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)} - 2 \int{\frac{1}{x - 1} d x} + 2 {\color{red}{\left(- x^{-1}\right)}}=2 \ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)} - 2 \int{\frac{1}{x - 1} d x} + 2 {\color{red}{\left(- \frac{1}{x}\right)}}$$

设$$$u=x - 1$$$。

则$$$du=\left(x - 1\right)^{\prime }dx = 1 dx$$$ (步骤见»)，并有$$$dx = du$$$。

该积分可以改写为

$$2 \ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)} - 2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{x - 1} d x}}} - \frac{2}{x} = 2 \ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)} - 2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}} - \frac{2}{x}$$

$$$\frac{1}{u}$$$ 的积分为 $$$\int{\frac{1}{u} d u} = \ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}$$$:

$$2 \ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)} - 2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}} - \frac{2}{x} = 2 \ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)} - 2 {\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}}} - \frac{2}{x}$$

回忆一下 $$$u=x - 1$$$:

$$2 \ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)} - 2 \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{u}}}\right| \right)} - \frac{2}{x} = 2 \ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)} - 2 \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\left(x - 1\right)}}}\right| \right)} - \frac{2}{x}$$

因此，

$$\int{\frac{2}{x^{2} \left(1 - x\right)} d x} = 2 \ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)} - 2 \ln{\left(\left|{x - 1}\right| \right)} - \frac{2}{x}$$

化简：

$$\int{\frac{2}{x^{2} \left(1 - x\right)} d x} = \frac{2 \left(x \left(\ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)} - \ln{\left(\left|{x - 1}\right| \right)}\right) - 1\right)}{x}$$

加上积分常数：

$$\int{\frac{2}{x^{2} \left(1 - x\right)} d x} = \frac{2 \left(x \left(\ln{\left(\left|{x}\right| \right)} - \ln{\left(\left|{x - 1}\right| \right)}\right) - 1\right)}{x}+C$$

$$$\int \frac{2}{x^{2} \left(1 - x\right)}\, dx = \frac{2 \left(x \left(\ln\left(\left|{x}\right|\right) - \ln\left(\left|{x - 1}\right|\right)\right) - 1\right)}{x} + C$$$A