$$$\frac{\sin{\left(2 x \right)}}{\sin{\left(4 x \right)}}$$$ 的积分

求$$$\int \frac{\sin{\left(2 x \right)}}{\sin{\left(4 x \right)}}\, dx$$$。

设$$$u=2 x$$$。

则$$$du=\left(2 x\right)^{\prime }dx = 2 dx$$$ (步骤见»)，并有$$$dx = \frac{du}{2}$$$。

所以，

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sin{\left(2 x \right)}}{\sin{\left(4 x \right)}} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sin{\left(u \right)}}{2 \sin{\left(2 u \right)}} d u}}}$$

对 $$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ 和 $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \frac{\sin{\left(u \right)}}{\sin{\left(2 u \right)}}$$$ 应用常数倍法则 $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$：

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sin{\left(u \right)}}{2 \sin{\left(2 u \right)}} d u}}} = {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\frac{\sin{\left(u \right)}}{\sin{\left(2 u \right)}} d u}}{2}\right)}}$$

改写被积函数:

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sin{\left(u \right)}}{\sin{\left(2 u \right)}} d u}}}}{2} = \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 \cos{\left(u \right)}} d u}}}}{2}$$

使用公式$$$\cos\left( u \right)=\sin\left( u + \frac{\pi}{2}\right)$$$将余弦用正弦表示，然后使用二倍角公式$$$\sin\left( u \right)=2\sin\left(\frac{ u }{2}\right)\cos\left(\frac{ u }{2}\right)$$$将正弦改写。:

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 \cos{\left(u \right)}} d u}}}}{2} = \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{4 \sin{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)} \cos{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}} d u}}}}{2}$$

将分子和分母同时乘以 $$$\sec^2\left(\frac{ u }{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)$$$:

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{4 \sin{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)} \cos{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}} d u}}}}{2} = \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}{4 \tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}} d u}}}}{2}$$

设$$$v=\tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}$$$。

则$$$dv=\left(\tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}\right)^{\prime }du = \frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}{2} du$$$ (步骤见»)，并有$$$\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)} du = 2 dv$$$。

积分变为

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}{4 \tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}} d u}}}}{2} = \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 v} d v}}}}{2}$$

对 $$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ 和 $$$f{\left(v \right)} = \frac{1}{v}$$$ 应用常数倍法则 $$$\int c f{\left(v \right)}\, dv = c \int f{\left(v \right)}\, dv$$$：

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 v} d v}}}}{2} = \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\frac{1}{v} d v}}{2}\right)}}}{2}$$

$$$\frac{1}{v}$$$ 的积分为 $$$\int{\frac{1}{v} d v} = \ln{\left(\left|{v}\right| \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{v} d v}}}}{4} = \frac{{\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{v}\right| \right)}}}}{4}$$

回忆一下 $$$v=\tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{\ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{v}}}\right| \right)}}{4} = \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}}}\right| \right)}}{4}$$

回忆一下 $$$u=2 x$$$:

$$\frac{\ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{\pi}{4} + \frac{{\color{red}{u}}}{2} \right)}}\right| \right)}}{4} = \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{\pi}{4} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(2 x\right)}}}{2} \right)}}\right| \right)}}{4}$$

因此，

$$\int{\frac{\sin{\left(2 x \right)}}{\sin{\left(4 x \right)}} d x} = \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(x + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}\right| \right)}}{4}$$

加上积分常数：

$$\int{\frac{\sin{\left(2 x \right)}}{\sin{\left(4 x \right)}} d x} = \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(x + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}\right| \right)}}{4}+C$$

$$$\int \frac{\sin{\left(2 x \right)}}{\sin{\left(4 x \right)}}\, dx = \frac{\ln\left(\left|{\tan{\left(x + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}\right|\right)}{4} + C$$$A