$$$\left(- \sin{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)} + \cos{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}\right)^{2}$$$ 的积分

求$$$\int \left(- \sin{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)} + \cos{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}\right)^{2}\, dx$$$。

设$$$u=\frac{x}{2}$$$。

则$$$du=\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)^{\prime }dx = \frac{dx}{2}$$$ (步骤见»)，并有$$$dx = 2 du$$$。

该积分可以改写为

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(- \sin{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)} + \cos{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}\right)^{2} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\left(2 - 2 \sin{\left(2 u \right)}\right)d u}}}$$

对 $$$c=2$$$ 和 $$$f{\left(u \right)} = 1 - \sin{\left(2 u \right)}$$$ 应用常数倍法则 $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$：

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(2 - 2 \sin{\left(2 u \right)}\right)d u}}} = {\color{red}{\left(2 \int{\left(1 - \sin{\left(2 u \right)}\right)d u}\right)}}$$

逐项积分：

$$2 {\color{red}{\int{\left(1 - \sin{\left(2 u \right)}\right)d u}}} = 2 {\color{red}{\left(\int{1 d u} - \int{\sin{\left(2 u \right)} d u}\right)}}$$

应用常数法则 $$$\int c\, du = c u$$$，使用 $$$c=1$$$：

$$- 2 \int{\sin{\left(2 u \right)} d u} + 2 {\color{red}{\int{1 d u}}} = - 2 \int{\sin{\left(2 u \right)} d u} + 2 {\color{red}{u}}$$

设$$$v=2 u$$$。

则$$$dv=\left(2 u\right)^{\prime }du = 2 du$$$ (步骤见»)，并有$$$du = \frac{dv}{2}$$$。

该积分可以改写为

$$2 u - 2 {\color{red}{\int{\sin{\left(2 u \right)} d u}}} = 2 u - 2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sin{\left(v \right)}}{2} d v}}}$$

对 $$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ 和 $$$f{\left(v \right)} = \sin{\left(v \right)}$$$ 应用常数倍法则 $$$\int c f{\left(v \right)}\, dv = c \int f{\left(v \right)}\, dv$$$：

$$2 u - 2 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sin{\left(v \right)}}{2} d v}}} = 2 u - 2 {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\sin{\left(v \right)} d v}}{2}\right)}}$$

正弦函数的积分为 $$$\int{\sin{\left(v \right)} d v} = - \cos{\left(v \right)}$$$:

$$2 u - {\color{red}{\int{\sin{\left(v \right)} d v}}} = 2 u - {\color{red}{\left(- \cos{\left(v \right)}\right)}}$$

回忆一下 $$$v=2 u$$$:

$$2 u + \cos{\left({\color{red}{v}} \right)} = 2 u + \cos{\left({\color{red}{\left(2 u\right)}} \right)}$$

回忆一下 $$$u=\frac{x}{2}$$$:

$$\cos{\left(2 {\color{red}{u}} \right)} + 2 {\color{red}{u}} = \cos{\left(2 {\color{red}{\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)}} \right)} + 2 {\color{red}{\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)}}$$

因此，

$$\int{\left(- \sin{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)} + \cos{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}\right)^{2} d x} = x + \cos{\left(x \right)}$$

加上积分常数：

$$\int{\left(- \sin{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)} + \cos{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}\right)^{2} d x} = x + \cos{\left(x \right)}+C$$

$$$\int \left(- \sin{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)} + \cos{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}\right)^{2}\, dx = \left(x + \cos{\left(x \right)}\right) + C$$$A