$$$\frac{1}{p \left(1 - \frac{p}{n}\right)}$$$ 关于$$$n$$$的积分

求$$$\int \frac{1}{p \left(1 - \frac{p}{n}\right)}\, dn$$$。

对 $$$c=\frac{1}{p}$$$ 和 $$$f{\left(n \right)} = \frac{1}{1 - \frac{p}{n}}$$$ 应用常数倍法则 $$$\int c f{\left(n \right)}\, dn = c \int f{\left(n \right)}\, dn$$$：

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{p \left(1 - \frac{p}{n}\right)} d n}}} = {\color{red}{\frac{\int{\frac{1}{1 - \frac{p}{n}} d n}}{p}}}$$

Simplify:

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{1 - \frac{p}{n}} d n}}}}{p} = \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{n}{n - p} d n}}}}{p}$$

改写并拆分该分式:

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{n}{n - p} d n}}}}{p} = \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{p}{n - p} + 1\right)d n}}}}{p}$$

逐项积分：

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{p}{n - p} + 1\right)d n}}}}{p} = \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\int{1 d n} + \int{\frac{p}{n - p} d n}\right)}}}{p}$$

应用常数法则 $$$\int c\, dn = c n$$$，使用 $$$c=1$$$：

$$\frac{\int{\frac{p}{n - p} d n} + {\color{red}{\int{1 d n}}}}{p} = \frac{\int{\frac{p}{n - p} d n} + {\color{red}{n}}}{p}$$

对 $$$c=p$$$ 和 $$$f{\left(n \right)} = \frac{1}{n - p}$$$ 应用常数倍法则 $$$\int c f{\left(n \right)}\, dn = c \int f{\left(n \right)}\, dn$$$：

$$\frac{n + {\color{red}{\int{\frac{p}{n - p} d n}}}}{p} = \frac{n + {\color{red}{p \int{\frac{1}{n - p} d n}}}}{p}$$

设$$$u=n - p$$$。

则$$$du=\left(n - p\right)^{\prime }dn = 1 dn$$$ (步骤见»)，并有$$$dn = du$$$。

所以，

$$\frac{n + p {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{n - p} d n}}}}{p} = \frac{n + p {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}}}{p}$$

$$$\frac{1}{u}$$$ 的积分为 $$$\int{\frac{1}{u} d u} = \ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{n + p {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}}}{p} = \frac{n + p {\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}}}}{p}$$

回忆一下 $$$u=n - p$$$:

$$\frac{n + p \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{u}}}\right| \right)}}{p} = \frac{n + p \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\left(n - p\right)}}}\right| \right)}}{p}$$

因此，

$$\int{\frac{1}{p \left(1 - \frac{p}{n}\right)} d n} = \frac{n + p \ln{\left(\left|{n - p}\right| \right)}}{p}$$

化简：

$$\int{\frac{1}{p \left(1 - \frac{p}{n}\right)} d n} = \frac{n}{p} + \ln{\left(\left|{n - p}\right| \right)}$$

加上积分常数：

$$\int{\frac{1}{p \left(1 - \frac{p}{n}\right)} d n} = \frac{n}{p} + \ln{\left(\left|{n - p}\right| \right)}+C$$

$$$\int \frac{1}{p \left(1 - \frac{p}{n}\right)}\, dn = \left(\frac{n}{p} + \ln\left(\left|{n - p}\right|\right)\right) + C$$$A