$$$\frac{x + 2}{\sqrt{2 x + 1}}$$$ 的积分

求$$$\int \frac{x + 2}{\sqrt{2 x + 1}}\, dx$$$。

将分子重写为 $$$x + 2=\frac{2 x + 1}{2} + \frac{3}{2}$$$，并将分式拆分:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{x + 2}{\sqrt{2 x + 1}} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{\sqrt{2 x + 1}}{2} + \frac{3}{2 \sqrt{2 x + 1}}\right)d x}}}$$

逐项积分：

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{\sqrt{2 x + 1}}{2} + \frac{3}{2 \sqrt{2 x + 1}}\right)d x}}} = {\color{red}{\left(\int{\frac{3}{2 \sqrt{2 x + 1}} d x} + \int{\frac{\sqrt{2 x + 1}}{2} d x}\right)}}$$

对 $$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ 和 $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \sqrt{2 x + 1}$$$ 应用常数倍法则 $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$：

$$\int{\frac{3}{2 \sqrt{2 x + 1}} d x} + {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sqrt{2 x + 1}}{2} d x}}} = \int{\frac{3}{2 \sqrt{2 x + 1}} d x} + {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\sqrt{2 x + 1} d x}}{2}\right)}}$$

设$$$u=2 x + 1$$$。

则$$$du=\left(2 x + 1\right)^{\prime }dx = 2 dx$$$ (步骤见»)，并有$$$dx = \frac{du}{2}$$$。

因此，

$$\int{\frac{3}{2 \sqrt{2 x + 1}} d x} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\sqrt{2 x + 1} d x}}}}{2} = \int{\frac{3}{2 \sqrt{2 x + 1}} d x} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sqrt{u}}{2} d u}}}}{2}$$

对 $$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ 和 $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \sqrt{u}$$$ 应用常数倍法则 $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$：

$$\int{\frac{3}{2 \sqrt{2 x + 1}} d x} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sqrt{u}}{2} d u}}}}{2} = \int{\frac{3}{2 \sqrt{2 x + 1}} d x} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\sqrt{u} d u}}{2}\right)}}}{2}$$

应用幂法则 $$$\int u^{n}\, du = \frac{u^{n + 1}}{n + 1}$$$ $$$\left(n \neq -1 \right)$$$，其中 $$$n=\frac{1}{2}$$$：

$$\int{\frac{3}{2 \sqrt{2 x + 1}} d x} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\sqrt{u} d u}}}}{4}=\int{\frac{3}{2 \sqrt{2 x + 1}} d x} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{u^{\frac{1}{2}} d u}}}}{4}=\int{\frac{3}{2 \sqrt{2 x + 1}} d x} + \frac{{\color{red}{\frac{u^{\frac{1}{2} + 1}}{\frac{1}{2} + 1}}}}{4}=\int{\frac{3}{2 \sqrt{2 x + 1}} d x} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\frac{2 u^{\frac{3}{2}}}{3}\right)}}}{4}$$

回忆一下 $$$u=2 x + 1$$$:

$$\int{\frac{3}{2 \sqrt{2 x + 1}} d x} + \frac{{\color{red}{u}}^{\frac{3}{2}}}{6} = \int{\frac{3}{2 \sqrt{2 x + 1}} d x} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(2 x + 1\right)}}^{\frac{3}{2}}}{6}$$

对 $$$c=\frac{3}{2}$$$ 和 $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2 x + 1}}$$$ 应用常数倍法则 $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$：

$$\frac{\left(2 x + 1\right)^{\frac{3}{2}}}{6} + {\color{red}{\int{\frac{3}{2 \sqrt{2 x + 1}} d x}}} = \frac{\left(2 x + 1\right)^{\frac{3}{2}}}{6} + {\color{red}{\left(\frac{3 \int{\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 x + 1}} d x}}{2}\right)}}$$

设$$$u=2 x + 1$$$。

则$$$du=\left(2 x + 1\right)^{\prime }dx = 2 dx$$$ (步骤见»)，并有$$$dx = \frac{du}{2}$$$。

所以，

$$\frac{\left(2 x + 1\right)^{\frac{3}{2}}}{6} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 x + 1}} d x}}}}{2} = \frac{\left(2 x + 1\right)^{\frac{3}{2}}}{6} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 \sqrt{u}} d u}}}}{2}$$

对 $$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ 和 $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{u}}$$$ 应用常数倍法则 $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$：

$$\frac{\left(2 x + 1\right)^{\frac{3}{2}}}{6} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 \sqrt{u}} d u}}}}{2} = \frac{\left(2 x + 1\right)^{\frac{3}{2}}}{6} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\frac{1}{\sqrt{u}} d u}}{2}\right)}}}{2}$$

应用幂法则 $$$\int u^{n}\, du = \frac{u^{n + 1}}{n + 1}$$$ $$$\left(n \neq -1 \right)$$$，其中 $$$n=- \frac{1}{2}$$$：

$$\frac{\left(2 x + 1\right)^{\frac{3}{2}}}{6} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{\sqrt{u}} d u}}}}{4}=\frac{\left(2 x + 1\right)^{\frac{3}{2}}}{6} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\int{u^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u}}}}{4}=\frac{\left(2 x + 1\right)^{\frac{3}{2}}}{6} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\frac{u^{- \frac{1}{2} + 1}}{- \frac{1}{2} + 1}}}}{4}=\frac{\left(2 x + 1\right)^{\frac{3}{2}}}{6} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\left(2 u^{\frac{1}{2}}\right)}}}{4}=\frac{\left(2 x + 1\right)^{\frac{3}{2}}}{6} + \frac{3 {\color{red}{\left(2 \sqrt{u}\right)}}}{4}$$

回忆一下 $$$u=2 x + 1$$$:

$$\frac{\left(2 x + 1\right)^{\frac{3}{2}}}{6} + \frac{3 \sqrt{{\color{red}{u}}}}{2} = \frac{\left(2 x + 1\right)^{\frac{3}{2}}}{6} + \frac{3 \sqrt{{\color{red}{\left(2 x + 1\right)}}}}{2}$$

因此，

$$\int{\frac{x + 2}{\sqrt{2 x + 1}} d x} = \frac{\left(2 x + 1\right)^{\frac{3}{2}}}{6} + \frac{3 \sqrt{2 x + 1}}{2}$$

化简：

$$\int{\frac{x + 2}{\sqrt{2 x + 1}} d x} = \frac{\left(x + 5\right) \sqrt{2 x + 1}}{3}$$

加上积分常数：

$$\int{\frac{x + 2}{\sqrt{2 x + 1}} d x} = \frac{\left(x + 5\right) \sqrt{2 x + 1}}{3}+C$$

$$$\int \frac{x + 2}{\sqrt{2 x + 1}}\, dx = \frac{\left(x + 5\right) \sqrt{2 x + 1}}{3} + C$$$A