$$$\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(4 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)}$$$の積分

$$$\int \cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(4 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)}\, dx$$$ を求めよ。

$$$\cos\left(\alpha \right)\cos\left(\beta \right)=\frac{1}{2} \cos\left(\alpha-\beta \right)+\frac{1}{2} \cos\left(\alpha+\beta \right)$$$ の公式を用い、$$$\alpha=2 x$$$ および $$$\beta=4 x$$$ を用いて $$$\cos\left(2 x \right)\cos\left(4 x \right)$$$ を変形せよ:

$${\color{red}{\int{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(4 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{2} + \frac{\cos{\left(6 x \right)}}{2}\right) \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x}}}$$

式を展開:

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)}}{2} + \frac{\cos{\left(6 x \right)}}{2}\right) \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)}}{2} + \frac{\cos^{2}{\left(6 x \right)}}{2}\right)d x}}}$$

定数倍の法則 $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$ を、$$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ と $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} + \cos^{2}{\left(6 x \right)}$$$ に対して適用する:

$${\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)}}{2} + \frac{\cos^{2}{\left(6 x \right)}}{2}\right)d x}}} = {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\left(\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} + \cos^{2}{\left(6 x \right)}\right)d x}}{2}\right)}}$$

項別に積分せよ:

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} + \cos^{2}{\left(6 x \right)}\right)d x}}}}{2} = \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\int{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x} + \int{\cos^{2}{\left(6 x \right)} d x}\right)}}}{2}$$

$$$u=6 x$$$ とする。

すると $$$du=\left(6 x\right)^{\prime }dx = 6 dx$$$（手順は»で確認できます）、$$$dx = \frac{du}{6}$$$ となります。

したがって、

$$\frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\cos^{2}{\left(6 x \right)} d x}}}}{2} = \frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos^{2}{\left(u \right)}}{6} d u}}}}{2}$$

定数倍の法則 $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$ を、$$$c=\frac{1}{6}$$$ と $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \cos^{2}{\left(u \right)}$$$ に対して適用する:

$$\frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos^{2}{\left(u \right)}}{6} d u}}}}{2} = \frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\cos^{2}{\left(u \right)} d u}}{6}\right)}}}{2}$$

冪低減公式 $$$\cos^{2}{\left(\alpha \right)} = \frac{\cos{\left(2 \alpha \right)}}{2} + \frac{1}{2}$$$ を $$$\alpha= u $$$ に適用する:

$$\frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\cos^{2}{\left(u \right)} d u}}}}{12} = \frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{\cos{\left(2 u \right)}}{2} + \frac{1}{2}\right)d u}}}}{12}$$

定数倍の法則 $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$ を、$$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ と $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \cos{\left(2 u \right)} + 1$$$ に対して適用する:

$$\frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{\cos{\left(2 u \right)}}{2} + \frac{1}{2}\right)d u}}}}{12} = \frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\left(\cos{\left(2 u \right)} + 1\right)d u}}{2}\right)}}}{12}$$

項別に積分せよ:

$$\frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(\cos{\left(2 u \right)} + 1\right)d u}}}}{24} = \frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\int{1 d u} + \int{\cos{\left(2 u \right)} d u}\right)}}}{24}$$

$$$c=1$$$ に対して定数則 $$$\int c\, du = c u$$$ を適用する:

$$\frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 u \right)} d u}}{24} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{1 d u}}}}{24} = \frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 u \right)} d u}}{24} + \frac{{\color{red}{u}}}{24}$$

$$$v=2 u$$$ とする。

すると $$$dv=\left(2 u\right)^{\prime }du = 2 du$$$（手順は»で確認できます）、$$$du = \frac{dv}{2}$$$ となります。

この積分は次のように書き換えられる

$$\frac{u}{24} + \frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\cos{\left(2 u \right)} d u}}}}{24} = \frac{u}{24} + \frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos{\left(v \right)}}{2} d v}}}}{24}$$

定数倍の法則 $$$\int c f{\left(v \right)}\, dv = c \int f{\left(v \right)}\, dv$$$ を、$$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ と $$$f{\left(v \right)} = \cos{\left(v \right)}$$$ に対して適用する:

$$\frac{u}{24} + \frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos{\left(v \right)}}{2} d v}}}}{24} = \frac{u}{24} + \frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\cos{\left(v \right)} d v}}{2}\right)}}}{24}$$

余弦の積分は$$$\int{\cos{\left(v \right)} d v} = \sin{\left(v \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{u}{24} + \frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\cos{\left(v \right)} d v}}}}{48} = \frac{u}{24} + \frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{{\color{red}{\sin{\left(v \right)}}}}{48}$$

次のことを思い出してください $$$v=2 u$$$:

$$\frac{u}{24} + \frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{\sin{\left({\color{red}{v}} \right)}}{48} = \frac{u}{24} + \frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{\sin{\left({\color{red}{\left(2 u\right)}} \right)}}{48}$$

次のことを思い出してください $$$u=6 x$$$:

$$\frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{\sin{\left(2 {\color{red}{u}} \right)}}{48} + \frac{{\color{red}{u}}}{24} = \frac{\int{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x}}{2} + \frac{\sin{\left(2 {\color{red}{\left(6 x\right)}} \right)}}{48} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(6 x\right)}}}{24}$$

公式 $$$\cos\left(\alpha \right)\cos\left(\beta \right)=\frac{1}{2} \cos\left(\alpha-\beta \right)+\frac{1}{2} \cos\left(\alpha+\beta \right)$$$ を用い、$$$\alpha=2 x$$$ と $$$\beta=6 x$$$ を使って被積分関数を書き換えなさい。:

$$\frac{x}{4} + \frac{\sin{\left(12 x \right)}}{48} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x}}}}{2} = \frac{x}{4} + \frac{\sin{\left(12 x \right)}}{48} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{\cos{\left(4 x \right)}}{2} + \frac{\cos{\left(8 x \right)}}{2}\right)d x}}}}{2}$$

定数倍の法則 $$$\int c f{\left(x \right)}\, dx = c \int f{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$$ を、$$$c=\frac{1}{2}$$$ と $$$f{\left(x \right)} = \cos{\left(4 x \right)} + \cos{\left(8 x \right)}$$$ に対して適用する:

$$\frac{x}{4} + \frac{\sin{\left(12 x \right)}}{48} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(\frac{\cos{\left(4 x \right)}}{2} + \frac{\cos{\left(8 x \right)}}{2}\right)d x}}}}{2} = \frac{x}{4} + \frac{\sin{\left(12 x \right)}}{48} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\left(\cos{\left(4 x \right)} + \cos{\left(8 x \right)}\right)d x}}{2}\right)}}}{2}$$

項別に積分せよ:

$$\frac{x}{4} + \frac{\sin{\left(12 x \right)}}{48} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\left(\cos{\left(4 x \right)} + \cos{\left(8 x \right)}\right)d x}}}}{4} = \frac{x}{4} + \frac{\sin{\left(12 x \right)}}{48} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\int{\cos{\left(4 x \right)} d x} + \int{\cos{\left(8 x \right)} d x}\right)}}}{4}$$

$$$u=4 x$$$ とする。

すると $$$du=\left(4 x\right)^{\prime }dx = 4 dx$$$（手順は»で確認できます）、$$$dx = \frac{du}{4}$$$ となります。

したがって、

$$\frac{x}{4} + \frac{\sin{\left(12 x \right)}}{48} + \frac{\int{\cos{\left(8 x \right)} d x}}{4} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\cos{\left(4 x \right)} d x}}}}{4} = \frac{x}{4} + \frac{\sin{\left(12 x \right)}}{48} + \frac{\int{\cos{\left(8 x \right)} d x}}{4} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos{\left(u \right)}}{4} d u}}}}{4}$$

定数倍の法則 $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$ を、$$$c=\frac{1}{4}$$$ と $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \cos{\left(u \right)}$$$ に対して適用する:

$$\frac{x}{4} + \frac{\sin{\left(12 x \right)}}{48} + \frac{\int{\cos{\left(8 x \right)} d x}}{4} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos{\left(u \right)}}{4} d u}}}}{4} = \frac{x}{4} + \frac{\sin{\left(12 x \right)}}{48} + \frac{\int{\cos{\left(8 x \right)} d x}}{4} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\cos{\left(u \right)} d u}}{4}\right)}}}{4}$$

余弦の積分は$$$\int{\cos{\left(u \right)} d u} = \sin{\left(u \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{x}{4} + \frac{\sin{\left(12 x \right)}}{48} + \frac{\int{\cos{\left(8 x \right)} d x}}{4} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\cos{\left(u \right)} d u}}}}{16} = \frac{x}{4} + \frac{\sin{\left(12 x \right)}}{48} + \frac{\int{\cos{\left(8 x \right)} d x}}{4} + \frac{{\color{red}{\sin{\left(u \right)}}}}{16}$$

次のことを思い出してください $$$u=4 x$$$:

$$\frac{x}{4} + \frac{\sin{\left(12 x \right)}}{48} + \frac{\int{\cos{\left(8 x \right)} d x}}{4} + \frac{\sin{\left({\color{red}{u}} \right)}}{16} = \frac{x}{4} + \frac{\sin{\left(12 x \right)}}{48} + \frac{\int{\cos{\left(8 x \right)} d x}}{4} + \frac{\sin{\left({\color{red}{\left(4 x\right)}} \right)}}{16}$$

$$$u=8 x$$$ とする。

すると $$$du=\left(8 x\right)^{\prime }dx = 8 dx$$$（手順は»で確認できます）、$$$dx = \frac{du}{8}$$$ となります。

したがって、

$$\frac{x}{4} + \frac{\sin{\left(4 x \right)}}{16} + \frac{\sin{\left(12 x \right)}}{48} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\cos{\left(8 x \right)} d x}}}}{4} = \frac{x}{4} + \frac{\sin{\left(4 x \right)}}{16} + \frac{\sin{\left(12 x \right)}}{48} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos{\left(u \right)}}{8} d u}}}}{4}$$

定数倍の法則 $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$ を、$$$c=\frac{1}{8}$$$ と $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \cos{\left(u \right)}$$$ に対して適用する:

$$\frac{x}{4} + \frac{\sin{\left(4 x \right)}}{16} + \frac{\sin{\left(12 x \right)}}{48} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\cos{\left(u \right)}}{8} d u}}}}{4} = \frac{x}{4} + \frac{\sin{\left(4 x \right)}}{16} + \frac{\sin{\left(12 x \right)}}{48} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\cos{\left(u \right)} d u}}{8}\right)}}}{4}$$

余弦の積分は$$$\int{\cos{\left(u \right)} d u} = \sin{\left(u \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{x}{4} + \frac{\sin{\left(4 x \right)}}{16} + \frac{\sin{\left(12 x \right)}}{48} + \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\cos{\left(u \right)} d u}}}}{32} = \frac{x}{4} + \frac{\sin{\left(4 x \right)}}{16} + \frac{\sin{\left(12 x \right)}}{48} + \frac{{\color{red}{\sin{\left(u \right)}}}}{32}$$

次のことを思い出してください $$$u=8 x$$$:

$$\frac{x}{4} + \frac{\sin{\left(4 x \right)}}{16} + \frac{\sin{\left(12 x \right)}}{48} + \frac{\sin{\left({\color{red}{u}} \right)}}{32} = \frac{x}{4} + \frac{\sin{\left(4 x \right)}}{16} + \frac{\sin{\left(12 x \right)}}{48} + \frac{\sin{\left({\color{red}{\left(8 x\right)}} \right)}}{32}$$

したがって、

$$\int{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(4 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x} = \frac{x}{4} + \frac{\sin{\left(4 x \right)}}{16} + \frac{\sin{\left(8 x \right)}}{32} + \frac{\sin{\left(12 x \right)}}{48}$$

積分定数を加える:

$$\int{\cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(4 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)} d x} = \frac{x}{4} + \frac{\sin{\left(4 x \right)}}{16} + \frac{\sin{\left(8 x \right)}}{32} + \frac{\sin{\left(12 x \right)}}{48}+C$$

$$$\int \cos{\left(2 x \right)} \cos{\left(4 x \right)} \cos{\left(6 x \right)}\, dx = \left(\frac{x}{4} + \frac{\sin{\left(4 x \right)}}{16} + \frac{\sin{\left(8 x \right)}}{32} + \frac{\sin{\left(12 x \right)}}{48}\right) + C$$$A