Integral de $$$\sec{\left(4 x \right)}$$$

Halla $$$\int \sec{\left(4 x \right)}\, dx$$$.

Sea $$$u=4 x$$$.

Entonces $$$du=\left(4 x\right)^{\prime }dx = 4 dx$$$ (los pasos pueden verse »), y obtenemos que $$$dx = \frac{du}{4}$$$.

La integral puede reescribirse como

$${\color{red}{\int{\sec{\left(4 x \right)} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sec{\left(u \right)}}{4} d u}}}$$

Aplica la regla del factor constante $$$\int c f{\left(u \right)}\, du = c \int f{\left(u \right)}\, du$$$ con $$$c=\frac{1}{4}$$$ y $$$f{\left(u \right)} = \sec{\left(u \right)}$$$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sec{\left(u \right)}}{4} d u}}} = {\color{red}{\left(\frac{\int{\sec{\left(u \right)} d u}}{4}\right)}}$$

Reescribe la secante como $$$\sec\left( u \right)=\frac{1}{\cos\left( u \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\sec{\left(u \right)} d u}}}}{4} = \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{\cos{\left(u \right)}} d u}}}}{4}$$

Expresa el coseno en función del seno utilizando la fórmula $$$\cos\left( u \right)=\sin\left( u + \frac{\pi}{2}\right)$$$ y luego expresa el seno utilizando la fórmula del ángulo doble $$$\sin\left( u \right)=2\sin\left(\frac{ u }{2}\right)\cos\left(\frac{ u }{2}\right)$$$:

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{\cos{\left(u \right)}} d u}}}}{4} = \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 \sin{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)} \cos{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}} d u}}}}{4}$$

Multiplica el numerador y el denominador por $$$\sec^2\left(\frac{ u }{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)$$$:

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 \sin{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)} \cos{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}} d u}}}}{4} = \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}{2 \tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}} d u}}}}{4}$$

Sea $$$v=\tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}$$$.

Entonces $$$dv=\left(\tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}\right)^{\prime }du = \frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}{2} du$$$ (los pasos pueden verse »), y obtenemos que $$$\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)} du = 2 dv$$$.

La integral se convierte en

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}{2 \tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}} d u}}}}{4} = \frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{v} d v}}}}{4}$$

La integral de $$$\frac{1}{v}$$$ es $$$\int{\frac{1}{v} d v} = \ln{\left(\left|{v}\right| \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{{\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{v} d v}}}}{4} = \frac{{\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{v}\right| \right)}}}}{4}$$

Recordemos que $$$v=\tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}$$$:

$$\frac{\ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{v}}}\right| \right)}}{4} = \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\tan{\left(\frac{u}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}}}\right| \right)}}{4}$$

Recordemos que $$$u=4 x$$$:

$$\frac{\ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{\pi}{4} + \frac{{\color{red}{u}}}{2} \right)}}\right| \right)}}{4} = \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{\pi}{4} + \frac{{\color{red}{\left(4 x\right)}}}{2} \right)}}\right| \right)}}{4}$$

Por lo tanto,

$$\int{\sec{\left(4 x \right)} d x} = \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(2 x + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}\right| \right)}}{4}$$

Añade la constante de integración:

$$\int{\sec{\left(4 x \right)} d x} = \frac{\ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(2 x + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}\right| \right)}}{4}+C$$

$$$\int \sec{\left(4 x \right)}\, dx = \frac{\ln\left(\left|{\tan{\left(2 x + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)}}\right|\right)}{4} + C$$$A